<html><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><META name="Author" content="Novell GroupWise WebAccess"></head><body style='font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; '>Hi Stephane,<br><br>That reference from 'before my time' (having started teaching Nishnaabemwin 3 years after Proulx's article -- and by pure happenstance after finishing my MBA in 1987) sounds very pertinent. Kroskrity & Field's (as editors) book, <u>Native American Language Ideologies</u>, is another one that delves into the complicated dynamics at play in language preservation endeavours. The project of preserving/revitalizing languages has so many crosscurrents arising from identity, cultural, political and historical experiences and the trauma of having been colonized that would not exist for one studying a language purely from academic interest of the sort I for example have with regard to German.<br><br>Linguistics is a handy tool. If only we could convince those students who seem to not have gotten a solid grounding in grammatical concepts in high school that understanding the difference between such things as nouns, verbs, and adverbs is very helpful for making sense. Not that a prescriptivist approach needs to be adopted. We can worry about which patterns ought to be formalized into rules governing what will be seen as proper (and by which 'authority') once we get Native languages back on to a solid enough footing that a literature in diverse genres actually takes root. <br><br>MAC<br><br>>>> <stephane@GOYETTE.COM> 03/05/14 6:15 AM >>><br> <style>td,th{border:1px dotted #888}body{overflow:auto}</style> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="MSHTML 8.00.6001.23562"> <div>Mary Ann Corbiere--</div> <div> </div> <div>There may be a deeper problem here: your story reminds me of the following:</div> <div> </div> <div>Proulx, Paul. 1986. “Anxiety Management in Native language Instruction”. In: Cowan, William. PAPERS OF THE 17TH ALGONQUIAN CONFERENCE. Ottawa, Carleton University. pp. 279-286.</div> <div> </div> <div>In a nutshell, Proulx describes the case of a native student, Johnny (a pseudonym, naturally), Cree by heritage, who experienced extreme distress when having to produce Cree sounds or structures (specifically Cree ones, please note!). You and others may find it a fruitful read. </div> <div> </div> <div>The "naive Chomskyanism" Danielle Cyr referred to in another message (i.e. the tendency to believe that the L1 of one's ancestors is somehow "inside" your mind already), however, is a phenomemon that is pervasive among non-natives, if my experience is any guide: I have experience teaching French and Linguistics at several North American Universities, and I have had many would-be learners of French who believed that their French family heritage would gave them an advantage over their peers...and who, by the time they realized that French would be no easier for them than for their peers without French family heritage, had typically fallen behind, often so much so that they dropped out of the class altogether.</div> <div> </div> <div>In my experience one good way of dealing with speakers of stigmatized languages/dialects (in the classroom) involves being clinical. I once had a semi-fluent speaker of Acadian French in a small French language class, who seemed to be doubly ashamed (of not being fully fluent, and of the language she wasn't fully fluent in being Acadian and not "real" (her words) French). When presenting French grammar to the group that semester I would make observations (to all students) about how some varieties of spoken French, such as Acadian, differ from the standard. The semi-speaker definitely seemed to become more motivated over the course of the semester by my treating the differences separating Acadian from Standard French systematically, by my showing which aspects of Acadian are similar to standard French (grammatical gender and associated morphology) and which are less similar (much of verb morphology), and she herself probably began to see that these differences aren't due to the former being some kind of degeneration of the latter (which is definitely what she seemed to believe when the semester began).</div> <div> </div> <div>Another method (okay, tooting my own horn here) involves teaching historical linguistics. I once had a native speaker of a working-class British dialect (who was clearly very insecure about it) in a history of the French language course, and when I described one of the changes separating Vulgar from Classical Latin (loss of the /h/ phoneme), and pointed out that a similar such change can be found in (for example) working-class British accents today (including hers), she at first seemed floored by the notion that her accent was something other than a mark of collective moral and intellectual inferiority. As I went over the many changes separating Latin from French, showing how all too many of them (palatalization, /h/-dropping, loss of unstressed syllables...) are operating in English today, she definitely seemed to accept, slowly but surely, that lack of social prestige does not equal linguistic indequacy. I doubt she remembers anything much from the class, but I like to think that I contributed to reducing her linguistic insecurity. </div> <div> </div> <div>Stéphane Goyette. <br><br><br>Mar 4, 2014 12:55:05 PM, <a class="parsedEmail" href="mailto:ALGONQUIANA@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">ALGONQUIANA@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a> wrote:<br></div> <div>Hello everyone,</div><br>> <div>I am heartbroken by the test I am currently marking. Why? Several reasons: the student is a mature student (i.e. came to university perhaps 5 or 8 years after finishing high school - not sure if student went to college before coming here); student's mother is a Native language teacher; test was 'open book' in a sense. Since I don't want students too stressed out about the assorted elements and patterns they need to know, I said they can bring a cheat sheet consisting of one sheet using both sides and designed any way that best helps them. </div><br>> <div>This is Test 2 of the course that follows introductory A. The course gets into sentences with intransitive verbs and 1st and 2nd person actors. Test 2 entailed what, where, when questions with 3rd person actors (e.g. What's going on there? When will he get back?). Tests from the very first one in the intro course last fall always include a dialogue script translation. The scripts use lines I imagine can be said in some realistic everyday context and hence, as they progress through more lessons (i.e. more varied structures), a greater variety of structures can be used making the dialogues more realistic -- though not entirely since everyday speech by fluent speakers naturally uses more complex structures periodically.</div><br>> <div>In spite of that, the student can't bring in the appropriate puzzle pieces let alone park them in the right spot, and so writes for example, "Aaniish pii ga-meeting shkwaa-te?" when the sentence needs to say "Aaniish pii meeting ge-shkwaa-tek?" The lessons give the elements needed and explain thoroughly how to identify the elements needed -- e.g. "She's" is a contraction of "She is" hence sentence is in present tense, etc. etc. etc. Each lesson includes Gwejtoon ('Try it out') exercises after each section and a self-test at the end of each lesson, and answers to all so students have many models of sentence patterns, and conjugation tables, etc. they can select examples from to include in their cheat sheets. </div><br>> <div>Does the student have some kind of learning disability? or was just unprepared for the kind of work one needs to do in university? or just assuming the language comes naturally to Native students? The student knows some words and inserts such periodically -- e.g. maampii for 'here' to ask "Max maampii na?' when the translation needed to be "Yaa na Max?" The verb 'be (somewhere)' -- which they've heard me use umpteen times in class -- is listed in the mini-lexicon appended to each test so they don't have to remember a bunch of verbs and other terms and their spellings.</div><br>> <div>In any case, I imagine the student must feel stupid to see the mistakes made. I emphasize to them that I'm always happy to give extra help to anyone who would like it and the student has never asked for such. </div><br>> <div>What to do, when even the Nadia Comaneci's don't work?</div><br>> <div>MAC</div> <div><br>>>>> "Danielle E. Cyr" <<a class="parsedEmail" href="mailto:dcyr@YORKU.CA" target="_blank">dcyr@YORKU.CA</a>> 03/03/14 6:27 PM >>><br>><font style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; FONT-SIZE: x-small">Hi All,<br>></font> <div><font style="FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; FONT-SIZE: x-small">I've seen all these factors at play in the community I worked with several years ago. It is, indeed, very difficult to counteract, especially in a culture where teasing and laughing at each other is pervasive. What helped a little bit was to explain language variation as a natural phenomena among languages. Another useful concept was language identity, both at the social AND individual levels.</font></div><br>> <div>Beside these, another tool that I would have loved but did not really happened. was the teaching of the written language and grammar. Teachers just held to the notion that their language was an oral one and, therefore, should not be taught through too much writing. Grammar, they tough, would discourage or bore the students.</div><br>> <div>However, it is known that teaching the grammar and the writing of aboriginal languages is key to keeping students motivated. Because, firstly, it provides a lot of <i>help yourself </i>tools, so students can make faster progress through studying on their own and memorizing morphological paradigms. It is a lot easier to start speaking when one knows all the verb forms of a conjugation, for instance. Secondly, students who have the opportunity to study and understand the grammar of their heritage language are usually in awe when they see the beautiful articulation and complexity of these languages. Pride is a great source of motivation.</div><br>> <div>Another thing too, is that it is of crucial importance to get the students to understand that learning a new language takes at least as long for an adult as for a child - more or less 3-4 years full time. So they have to be patient with themselves and with others. Once the have understood that learning a language takes time and patience, and a certain amount of modesty, if not humility, generally there are better results.</div><br>> <div>Finally, as we know, Aboriginal people love to joke, tease and laugh. So, engaging students to start telling jokes in their heritage language may prove to yield good results in terms of motivation. I say this based on my own experience. I've learned several languages, and I can tell you that when I reached the level of understanding and/or telling jokes, I felt I had achieved something. At some point, I was even able to make my Mi'gmaq teacher laugh. I had to prepare myself for the chapter on fishing. When my teacher arrived and asked me, in English, what I had done the day before, I had prepared a reply based on lobster fishing. I used all of my little knowledge in Mi'gmaq, saying that yesterday the weather was lousy, with strong winds, rain and big waves, but I didn't care and went lobster fishing even though. My teacher started laughing. And she laughed even more when I added : This is all true ! I'm no liar !</div><br>> <div>Hope this can be of some use.</div><br>> <div>N'multioq m'set uen !</div><br>> <div>Danielle Cyr<br>><br>><br>>---- Original Message ----<br>><b>From</b>: Bernie <<a class="parsedEmail" href="mailto:plnal@HOTMAIL.COM" target="_blank">plnal@HOTMAIL.COM</a>><br>><b>To</b>: <a class="parsedEmail" href="mailto:ALGONQUIANA@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">ALGONQUIANA@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a><br>><b>Sent</b>: Mon, Mar 3, 2014, 4:20 PM<br>><b>Subject</b>: Re: Dealing with emotional consequences of historical trauma in the language classroom<br>><br>> <div>Hey Con,</div><br>> <div>Unfortunately much of what you write is true. What hurts most in the Nova Scotia area is when fluent speakers knock the ones who missed out on the language because of the residential school experience. Some of these victims are lawyers today who are accused of not having/or told will never have an accurate understanding of the Mi'kmaw culture and therefore will NEVER be good representatives of our nation. Being told that due to their lack of facility in the Mi'kmaw Language, they're just not Mi'kmaw enough. This stings them very badly.</div><br>> <div>I set the wheels in motion to repair this erroneous way of thinking. Those lawyers will be my future students this summer coming. I'm hoping I will be able to get them to see things differently simply by lecturing on the conceptual differences between English and Mi'kmaw at least for starters.</div><br>> <div>It kind o' reminds me of Obama's plight with many people in the U.S. when it was stated that he just "wasn't Black enough."</div><br>> <div>Hasta luego mi amiguito.</div><br>> <div>berni</div><br>> <div><br>><br>>Sent from my iPad</div> <div><br>>On 2014-03-02, at 2:47 PM, "Conor Quinn" <<a class="parsedEmail" href="mailto:conor.mcdonoughquinn@MAINE.EDU" target="_blank">conor.mcdonoughquinn@MAINE.EDU</a>> wrote:<br>><br>></div> <div></div><br>> <div> <div dir="ltr"> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div>Dia dhaoibh, a chairde!<br>><br>></div>One of the harshest aspects of language endangerment that I've seen is that each generation gets slapped with shame no matter which way they go. The speaker generations get made to be ashamed for speaking their supposedly inferior (etc.) language, while the non-speaker generations get made to be ashamed for not being able to speak their heritage language. And people who are somewhere between completely fluent and completely non-speaker get shame(d) for not speaking it well enough.<br>> <br>></div>The first kind of shame is the one that gets the most attention in language revitalization circles, but the latter two are just as pervasive and painful for those who experience it. And it's quite possible to experience all three at once, and/or in different combinations.<br>> <br>>The last two strongly influence learner success and persistence. If you feel that (despite all the historical, social, etc. pressures outside of your control), you somehow "should" already know language, then it puts an enormous amount of pressure on you: "If I don't learn the language, I won't be [fill-in-the-blank] enough...AND it will disappear." This makes every stumble in learning the language even more fraught than it already is for any second-language learner. Which very often can be overwhelming, and drive people away completely.<br>> <br>></div>So it's probably helpful to have these three kinds of shame brought up and out front, so that everyone can feel a lot safer. <br>><br>></div> <div>Particularly since these feelings are most often experienced very individually. That there's something wrong with ME, that it's MY deficiency. Having that public/group acknowledgement that all of us are also going through one or more of these shames can help a lot. We're no longer individually isolated in them, and can work together to help each other find good ways to keep them from holding us back.<br>> <br>>This also helps these three different groups work together better. If I'm a speaker with shame type #1, and you are a learner with shame type #2, we both might not fully understand what's worrying the other person when we go to speak the language. Since what holds us back might be really quite different.<br>> <br>></div>This public acknowledgement is perhaps most important for intermediate-status speakers. It gets mentioned, but it still doesn't really get addressed nearly enough how often people who are not 100% perfectly fluent get shamed and scared out of speaking by the more fluent speakers. Not just the really harsh language policers---who very often call those speakers lazy/inattentive, not realizing that they were never given the same degree and quality of exposure to the language---but even people who just let themselves laugh at these speakers' errors. <br>> <br>>These reactions terribly reliably drive great potential speakers back to the safer space of the dominating language. We can't ask all the fluent speakers to "please be nicer to and less judgmental of the less fluent speakers", but precisely because of that, it's that much more crucial to set up and constantly work to maintain safe places for them to speak what they can.<br>> <br>></div> <div>Public/group discussion of this range of feelings---helping people work their way to finally feeling that they really do have nothing to be ashamed of, and in fact plenty to be proud of---is, as far as I can tell, probably not just a good idea, but really essential.<br>> <br>></div> <div>Till later, keep safe and sane.<br>><br>>Slán,<br>>do chara<br>></div> <div><br>><br>></div> <div><br>><br>></div></div> <div class="gmail_extra"><br>><br>> <div class="gmail_quote">On Sun, Mar 2, 2014 at 12:19 AM, Tanya Slavin <span dir="ltr"><<a class="parsedEmail" href="mailto:tanya.slavin@gmail.com" target="_blank">tanya.slavin@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br>> <br>> <div dir="ltr">Ben, thank you so much for the links. I'm definitely going to suggest this documentary to the workshop participants. <div>Tanya</div></div> <div class="gmail_extra"><br>><br>> <div class="gmail_quote">2014-03-01 14:20 GMT-05:00 Ben Levine <span dir="ltr"><<a class="parsedEmail" href="mailto:watchingplace@gmail.com" target="_blank">watchingplace@gmail.com</a>></span>: <div> <div class="h5"><br>> <br>> <div style="WORD-WRAP: break-word">Hi Tanya - We made the documentary <i>Language of America</i> (<a href="http://languageofamerica.com" target="_blank">languageofamerica.com</a>) with just this use in mind. We show the film ( it’s 80 minutes divided into 12 minute chapters) or parts of it and use it to trigger an emotional response which then let’s students own their family and tribal experience and identity. We facilitate the discussion which is to say give the responder the support they need whether it be encouragement or connecting their experience to an other’s or even balancing conflicting responses, basically creating a safe space where the fragmented pieces of experience can come together. There’s more on the web site and also more about our work at speaking <a href="http://place.org" target="_blank">place.org</a>. <div>Please be in touch if you wish more information.</div> <div>Ben Levine and Julia Schulz</div> <div> <div> <div><br>> <div> <div>On Feb 28, 2014, at 8:24 PM, Tanya Slavin <<a class="parsedEmail" href="mailto:tanya.slavin@UTORONTO.CA" target="_blank">tanya.slavin@UTORONTO.CA</a>> wrote:</div><br>><br>> <div dir="ltr"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px">Dear all, </span> <div style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px"><br>></div> <div style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px">[I just sent this message to another mailing list, but I figured I'd send it here as well, apologies if you're getting it twice!]</div> <div style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px"><br>></div> <div style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px">We're having a local workshop on indigenous language teaching at the University of Toronto, an event organized for school and university language teachers to share ideas on some of the challenges specific to native language teaching in an urban setting. One of the topics that we hope to address in some way (perhaps as a roundtable discussion) is the question of how to deal with emotional consequences of historical trauma in the language classroom. One of the biggest obstacles for aboriginal students wishing to regain their language is the painful history of their relationship with it (e.g. their parents were forbidden to speak the language, they may have grown up discouraged speaking their language or feeling that their language was somehow inferior). All that baggage influences negatively their success in the classroom: they either reach a certain plateau or can hardly progress at all, or are unable to start speaking the language. As a result, the drop-out rate of native students in a university language classroom is much higher than that of non-native students wishing to learn a native language. I witnessed it myself when I was teaching Ojibwe in a university setting, and I'm seeing it now teaching it in a community setting. The question is how to deal with that and help these students succeed (also keeping in mind that they don't necessarily have the support of their community in an urban setting). Is it a good idea to actually raise this issue in the classroom, in order not to ignore the elephant in the room, so to speak? Would having separate classes for native and non-native students help the issue?</div> <div style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px">So I wanted to ask if anybody had any ideas about this they would be willing to share, or experiences they had, or any stories they have about students that were dealing with this obstacle. If that's ok, I'd love to share your ideas and experiences at the workshop (obviously, giving everybody credit for them), which would also hopefully generate a productive discussion. I would appreciate any ideas you might have, and thank you in advance!</div> <div style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px"><br>></div> <div style="FONT-FAMILY: arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 13px">Tanya</div></div> <div><br>></div></div><br>></div></div></div></div> <p></p></div></div></div><br>></div> <p></p></div><br>></div> <p></p></div> <p></p></div> <p></p></div> <p></p> <p> </p></body></html>
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