<div>(Oops)</div> <div>(...after a period of competition between *RaCep and *lima, *lima finally <BR>won out, displacing RaCep. It would be strange if *RaCep suddenly resurfaced <BR>in the Pacific: the total absence of reflexes of *RaCep between Taiwan and Vanuatu <BR>would be hard to explain.</div> <div>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div> <div>Well, it certainly would, wouldn't it? But, if *RaCep didn't start in Taiwan, <BR>but just ended up there, it wouldn´t be so difficult to explain. </div> <div> </div> <div>It wouldn't be difficult to explain if the entire Western MP area was swamped </div> <div>(quite recently, within the last 2 millenia, by languages originating from the Orang Laut, Badjau, Sri Vijayans, and other sea-going traders).</div> <div> </div> <div>I've already pointed out the parallel with Pasismanua (New Britain) -sip, <BR>but there are others (not very many, it
has to be said):</div> <div> </div> <div>'bacin marahin sib' is 5 in Wampur, a North New Guinea (Morobe Prov) An language. <BR>'bacin marahin' is the 'hand word' as in 'bacin marahin bisangcwa'=6= 'b-m-1'.<BR>(How you can possibly derive 'bacin marahin bisangcwa' from PAn *enem <BR>is quite another matter)<BR>-----------------------------------------------------------------</div> <div>I really wasn't trying to prove anything when I started on this project. <BR>I had always assumed that Austronesian, like Proto-Indo-European, was born <BR>with a fully-formed symbolic decimal numbering system. </div> <div> </div> <div>One of the most impressive things about the language family was that much the <BR>same word meant 5 and hand from Madagascar to Easter Island, and Taiwan to <BR>New Zealand - half a world apart.</div> <div> </div> <div>I knew about a very few primitive numbering name/systems in Taiwan, and just one <BR>in Luzon, but then I glanced at <A
href="http://www.zompist.com/numbers.htm">http://www.zompist.com/numbers.htm</A> and found there <BR>were scores of 'primitive' numbering systems roughly east of the Wallace Line. </div> <div> </div> <div>So I decided to investigate them.</div> <div> </div> <div>I've found nearly 170 An languages where counting up to 5 is relatively simple, <BR>but from 5-9 is more primitive, as the 'add 1,2,3,4' system, in Rukai, or <BR>even something else altogether, like Saisiyat, but not the plain, simple and <BR>very memorable *enem, *pitu, *walu, *Siwa of PAn.</div> <div> </div> <div>It shouldn't be logically possible for anyone to 'retreat' to a more primitive <BR>numbering system if his language has already been handed a very simple and </div> <div>easily memorable symbolic numbering/name system, by their Taiwan immigrant </div> <div>language-founders. </div> <div> </div> <div>The very obvious answer is that Austronesian settlers in New Guinea, etc,
adopted <BR>the number morphemes and systems of their Papuan neighbours, for trade and tribute <BR>purposes. </div> <div> </div> <div>So I added in every Papuan neighbour of those Austronesian speakers, and it simply <BR>isn't so. </div> <div> </div> <div>Papuan number morphemes just don't match their neighbour An ones, but, occasionally,</div> <div>at first glance, the local numbering systems do. (This still needs a closer study to see if <BR>it's absolutely and consistently true). </div> <div> </div> <div>In some places, Papuan-speakers (and don't forget we are talking about 8 different <BR>language phylae) are quite out-numbered by An speakers, as in Timor and Flores. <BR>They have adopted An number morphemes for 1-5, or parts of that system, but not a <BR>lot elsewhere. </div> <div> </div> <div>So what are we left with ?</div> <div> </div> <div>1) The numbering systems and phonemes have been adopted from, or adjusted to, to
</div> <div>their local neighbours - not completely so. </div> <div> </div> <div>2) Simple number symbols came from PAn in Taiwan and 'regressed'? Really?</div> <div> </div> <div>3) Local groups changed over entirely to speaking An, but kept to their <BR>ancestral number systems?</div> <div> </div> <div>4) The 'aberrant' number systems (and, by association, the languages) </div> <div>evolved in just the places where they're still found.</div> <div><BR>regards</div> <div>Richard Parker<BR>Siargao Island, The Philippines. </div> <div>My website at <A href="http://www.coconutstudio.com">www.coconutstudio.com</A> is about the island and its people, coastal early humans, fishing, coconuts, bananas and whatever took my fancy at the time.</div> <div> </div>