<div><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Harald Hammarstrom said:<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">>As for numeral systems shrinking, i.e. a former base 5 or 10 system<BR>>with <BR>>monomorhemic numerals shrinking down to a 1,2,many system (or a <BR>>1,2,2+1,2+2 system), there are _at least_ two independant undeniable<BR>>such cases. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">One can be found in GP Smith's Morobe Counting Systems and<BR>>one is Minor Mlabri a Mon-Khmer language. In both cases, the remaining<BR>>1-2 numerals are cognate with the ones in the older system, but we can<BR>>be sure that the
languages descends from languages with bigger systems<BR>>because cognates, with the right sound correspondances, for 3-10<BR>>survive, in one case as birth-order names and in the other case in some ritual<BR>>formula.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">This would be very convincing indeed, if there was some evidence cited. Birth-order <BR>names might be evidence of some forgotten numbering system, or they could just be <BR>’respectful’ names from a ‘subjugated’ group trying to curry favour with ‘superior’ <BR>incomers.<BR>I know plenty of Felipes, Jaimes, and Ronaldos around here, but those names are very obviously imposed, or accepted, after Spanish colonisation, but . I haven’t yet found any<BR>proto-Iberian birth-order name system.<BR><BR>><BR>>Now to the question of the descent of Sera and Sissano. They
have<BR>>non-AN numerals and, as far as I can see, non-AN pronouns. If they<BR>>are linear Austronesian descendants, then these must have been<BR>>borrowed or internally replaced. If borrowing, the case would strongly<BR>>violate the hypothesis that basic vocabulary (or the like) aren't<BR>>borrowed, and further, there is no identifiable source for the<BR>>borrowings.<BR>>Internal replacement also appears intuitively awkward, especially the<BR>>numerals (as I am not much of an expert on pronouns and inasmuch as<BR>>there<BR>>are AN-like languages with very deviant pronoun systems e.g. Vanikoro).<BR>><BR>>Would MD Ross favour a borrowing/replacement scenario of these items<BR>>rather than a scenario of an original non-AN language with massive<BR>>overlay of AN grammar and lexicon? Please expand.<BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"><BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY:
Arial"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">I finally found Don Laycock’s paper: where he reports the existence of a word /tartar/ for 5.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Don Laycock Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 12, No. 1/2<BR></FONT><A href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0029-8115%28197322%2F24%2912%3A1%2F2%3C245%3ASWAMP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0029-8115%28197322%2F24%2912%3A1%2F2%3C245%3ASWAMP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q</FONT></A></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>And he confesses himself at just as much of a loss as the rest of us.</FONT></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Sissano has not one
single number word identifiable in any way with either *Pan<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>*POc or any of their Papuan neighbours. </FONT></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>I’m sure Mark is right is suggesting that many people don’t use numbers very often in everyday language. (We do, because we have to buy things and pay taxes).</FONT></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Furthermore, if they’ve been subjected to a century or more of Western teachers, they<BR>will almost certainly have forgotten those ceremonial procedures where the big man<BR>shared out the spoils amongst the various groups of his tribe.</FONT></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Regards</FONT></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"
size=3>Richard</FONT></div> <div style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3> </FONT></o:p></div> <div> </div>