<div>Tumbaga, tunbak, and tumbak seem to have a variety of etymological sources, all coming from the Middle East:</div> <div> </div> <div>Here's a quick bit of googling:</div> <div> </div> <div>Tumbaga </div> <div>An alloy of copper and gold - <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbaga">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbaga</A></div> <div> </div> <div> Bible translation: <STRONG>1 Samuel Chapter 17, Verse 5 -</STRONG> <A href="http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/lo/lorica.html">http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/lo/lorica.html</A></div> <div> <STRONG>English:</STRONG> And he had a helmet of <STRONG>brass</STRONG> upon his head, and he was armed with a coat of </div> <div> mail; and the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of <STRONG>brass</STRONG>. </div> <div> <STRONG>Cebuano:</STRONG> Ug siya may usa ka salokot nga <STRONG>tumbaga</STRONG> sa iyang ulo, ug siya sinul-oban sa</div>
<div> usa ka saput nga hiningbis; ug ang gibug-aton sa saput may lima ka libo ka siclo sa </div> <div> <STRONG>tumbaga</STRONG>.</div> <div> </div> <div><SPAN lang=ZU style="mso-ansi-language: ZU"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Blust R., 1992, ‘Tumbaga in Southeast Asia and South America’, Anthropos, n° 87, pp. 443-457. Not available on internet.</SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"></SPAN> </div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Sanskrit Words in Cebuano-Visayan Language - Jose G Kuizon</SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;
FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><A href="http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a150.pdf">http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a150.pdf</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3></FONT></SPAN></A></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3></FONT></SPAN> </div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>5. a. Skt. </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>: </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>tamra, "copper"</FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman';
mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>b. Jav. </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>: </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>t6mbaga "copper"</FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>c. Malay. </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=3>: </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>tambaga "copper"</FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>d. </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>C. </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Bis. </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=3>: </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>tumbaga' "copper"</FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New
Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Phonetic changes:</FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Skt. Jav. Malay. C. Bis.</FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>tam- te'm- tum- tum- (a </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=1>) </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>u, e)</FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>-ra -baga -baga -bags? (r </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=1>) </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>b, g) </FONT><FONT face=Arial size=2>?</FONT></SPAN></div> <div
class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face=Arial size=3>- </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>-ga -ga -ga' Aphaeresis of -ga?</FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Semantic changes:<BR>It is doubtful whether or not the Javanese, Malayan, and Bisayan terms are of Sanskrit derivation because of what seem to be irregular changes in the terms, especially in form. However, if the Javanese, Malayan, and Bisayan terms are of Indianorigin, it may be inferred that the Sanskrit word has undergone folk etymology in diffusion.</div> <div> </div> <div>I don't really understand that quotation, but </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">this
paper lists so many Cebuano words of Sanskrit origin (including many of trading and mercantile interest) that it persuades me just a little bit more that most of the modern 'Filipino' languages derive from migrations from Sumatra and Java, to the south, within the last two millenia, or at least since the Sri Vijaya maritime empire.</SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"></SPAN> </div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">One of the byways on this googling found 'depletion gilding' - if you make something from a gold/copper alloy, and then bash it with a bit of strong acid, you get a bright gold covering on a heart of old crud. I'm putting a few of my home-made gold bars up for sale on E-Bay.</SPAN></div> <div class=references
style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"></SPAN> </div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Tumbaq - "It may also be that the kettledrum (or one size of kettledrum) was known in Uigur as *tümbak or *tumbaq (Chag. tünbak, dumbaq, Ott. tümbük, which refer to various kinds of drum or kettledrum) or *tümbülük ( Chag., Ott. dümblük 'kettledrum'). All five types of dun¬balalc (dünbülük) discussed by Chelebi are varieties of kettledrums (Farmer, 2, pp. 646-7). - <STRONG><A href="http://tinyurl.com/23jvec">http://tinyurl.com/23jvec</A></STRONG></SPAN></div> <div><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><STRONG></STRONG></SPAN> </div> <div><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Tunbak is a
Persian bronze kettledrum. </div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"> </div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><SPAN lang=ZU style="mso-ansi-language: ZU"><STRONG>tumbak</STRONG></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZU style="mso-ansi-language: ZU"> : tobacco [from Per] - <A href="http://etymological.freeweb.hu/AEDweb.htm">http://etymological.freeweb.hu/AEDweb.htm</A></SPAN></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none">Tumbac is Arabic for tobacco, and refers specially to the flavoured leaves, dampened and pressed, used on a nargileh or hubble-bubble.</div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"> </div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none">Tamako, tamaku - (or something similar) is also the word for tobacco in Amis, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, and Kavalan (according to <FONT face=Helvetica size=2>Ibis, Paul. "Auf Formosa: Ethnographische Wanderungen." <I>Globus</I> 31 (1877): 234-35) - <A
href="http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/lingtables/ling_index.htm">http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/lingtables/ling_index.htm</A> Table VII</FONT></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><FONT face=Helvetica size=2></FONT> </div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><FONT face=Helvetica size=2>Although quite how that word became common in Taiwanese languages supposedly surviving contemporaneity with 'proto-Austronesian' is a bit of a puzzle.</FONT></div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><FONT face=Helvetica size=2></FONT> </div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><FONT face=Helvetica size=2>best regards</FONT></div><FONT face=Helvetica size=2> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><BR>Richard Parker<BR>Siargao Island, The Philippines. </div> <div class=references style="mso-pagination: none"><BR>I have started a weblog - Notes From a Small Island - An Numbers , at <A
href="http://smallislandnotesan.blogspot.com/">http://smallislandnotesan.blogspot.com/</A> about Austronesian numbering systems.</FONT></SPAN></o:p></SPAN></div>