<div>The 'digital - quintal - decimal - vigesimal' progression in </div> <div>numbering systems referred to by many linguists doesn't </div> <div>actually apply to what seems to have evolved in the real </div> <div>world. </div> <div> </div> <div>So we might as well dump those terms.</div> <div> </div> <div>The progress seems to have been:</div> <div>1,2 many</div> <div>1,2, then 5 = 1 hand (fill in the blanks with something)</div> <div>1,2,3,4,5 then hand +1,+2 etc to ten = 2 hands, then start on </div> <div>the toes. When you get to 20 fingers and toes it's 'one man </div> <div>finish'. So 40 is 'two men finish'.</div> <div> </div> <div>Then, you either go on, like many New Guinea groups, to count </div> <div>bits from one hand and up the arm, round the head, and down </div> <div>the other side to finish with the other hand</div> <div>or </div> <div>You stop referring directly to parts of the body (like bending </div> <div>down to point
at your toes as you count the teens) and use </div> <div>your two hands alone, face to face. </div> <div>(You don't want to be looking at your toes when you've become </div> <div>a trader and are trying to make a deal). </div> <div>You've just dumped the "vigesimal system".</div> <div> </div> <div>Lo and behold, you've got a decimal system. By accident.</div> <div> </div> <div>When you get a bit more sophisticated, you invent new words </div> <div>for 6-9, instead of just first hand +1, first hand +2, etc.</div> <div> </div> <div>The really big mystery (at least for me) is exactly where </div> <div>those words - *enem, *pitu, *walu and *Siwa, then *puluq<BR>- originated. And another is what they actually mean.</div> <div> </div> <div>There is a definite line, north of the New Guinea mainland, </div> <div>and wandering through Vanuatu, where those words come out of </div> <div>nowhere and take over. </div> <div> </div> <div>I'm
just now going through Glen Lean's paper on East New </div> <div>Britain, and find that *enem suddenly appears (as nom, nomdi, </div> <div>nomnain) but, in some languages, 7 is still 5+2. 8=5+3, etc.</div> <div> </div> <div>The conventional wisdom is that Papuans were taught 'real </div> <div>numbers' by incoming Austronesians, but I find something very </div> <div>similar happening in Taiwan (sorry, Formosa).</div> <div> </div> <div>And they didn't take over in Borneo, or Malay<BR>See Macassarese: <BR>6=ennang (ok An), but 7=tudju, 8=sagantudju, 9 is salapang, </div> <div>and 10 is sampulo (ok An) </div> <div> </div> <div>It's all very well to suggest that these groups 'innovated' </div> <div>their very basic numbering systems for some cultural reason, </div> <div>but that is unprecedented in other language families, so the </div> <div>Austronesian exceptions should really be given some better </div> <div>explanation for 'departing' from
their proto-language </div> <div>conventions. </div> <div> </div> <div>In about 300 Indo-European languages, only one still uses the </div> <div>5+1, 5+2, etc progression to 10, and that is Vedda, from the </div> <div>innermost jungles of Sri Lanka. </div> <div> </div> <div>Around 200 Austronesian languages still use that system.</div> <div> </div> <div>Austronesian languages still preserve a wide variety of </div> <div>numbering systems, and this is worth looking at.</div> <div> </div> <div>regards</div> <div> </div> <div>Richard</div>