<div>'Overlaid' number systems and Tongan 50 - </div> <div>Mea culpa</div> <div>Ross Clark privately pointed the way to my error, but, kindly, didn't shame me in public, so I'll do it myself:<BR> <BR>(Quote): "I'm afraid this is an artefact of bad data, and not evidence of any overlay".</div> <div> </div> <div>In mitigation, Yer Honour:<BR>- I took Eugene Chan's amazing Austronesian numbers list <A href="http://www.zompist.com/anes.htm">http://www.zompist.com/anes.htm</A> and made a spreadsheet.<BR>- Then I merged extra numbers (not a lot) from the ABVD<BR>- Then I'm adding extras from other sources</div> <div> </div> <div>Somehow the Uruavan (Solomons) 50 turned up in the Tongan 50 column, and stood out like a sore thumb, so I too quickly took it as an example of 'overlay'. </div> <div>Murphy's law :"If anything can go wrong, it will, and usually at the most inopportune moment".</div> <div> </div> <div>But that egregious mistake doesn't destroy
the concept of 'overlaid' number systems:</div> <div> </div> <div>Here are 10, 20, 50 in the very few Polynesian languages where I have data:</div> <div> </div> <div>Takuu - sinafuru - matarua, rue - matarima, lima</div> <div>Vaeakau-Taumako - katoa, kharo, dumaa - gatoaelua - gatoaelima</div> <div>Futuna East - kau, agafulu - kaulua - kaulima</div> <div>Pukapuka - laugaulu - tinolua, luangaulu, laulua - tinolima, limangaulu, laulima. </div> <div>Fijian - sagavulu, e tini na - rua-sagavulu - lima-sagavulu</div> <div>Niuean - hongofulu - tekau - lima fiha</div> <div>Tongan - hongofulu - tekau - (nimangofulu - thanks, Ross)</div> <div>Rarotongan - nga'uru - rua ngauru - rima ngauru</div> <div>Tahitian - ho'e'ahuru - piti 'ahuru, ta'au, arooato - ?</div> <div>Marquesan - 'onohu'u, 'okohu'u - tekau - ?</div> <div>Hawaiian - umi - iwakâlua - haneli</div> <div>Maori - ka-cahuru, ngahuru, tekau - rua tekau, tekau - rima tekau</div>
<div>-----------------------------------------</div> <div>Most appear to be relatively 'modern' constructions:</div> <div> </div> <div>Only Rarotongan shows a regular series.<BR>Why else should Fijian make 20= 2x1x10, 5x1x10? <BR>Why else does Maori turn 20 into 10, and then make up a series?<BR>And what does fiha mean in Niuean? Or haneli in Hawaiian?</div> <div> </div> <div>regards</div> <div>Richard</div>