<SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">My current Austronesian/Papuan numbers chart is on the web:<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><A href="http://coconutstudio.com/Austro%20Nos%20Mar2008%2011-3.xls">http://coconutstudio.com/Austro%20Nos%20Mar2008%2011-3.xls</A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>which anybody is welcome to utilise (with a hat-tip, of course, or perhaps a dime or two, to me). It’s a working document, and will be updated, perhaps monthly.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">I have attempted to code each ‘critical numeral’ to show its structure as simply as possible, in a code column beside it. It is purely a structural study, and I have simplified the phonetics and orthography more than many of you will approve. There is a key to the code within the workbook. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">I depended very heavily on the research carried out by Dr Glendon Lean<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(I have incorporated most of his data and notes into the chart), but there are huge gaps:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">I have next to no numbers over 10 for the whole area west of </SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">New Guinea</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> (ie 95% of the Austronesian-speaking world) – simply because I can’t find them on the internet.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">------------------------------------------------------------------------</SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">So I appeal to any of you who are studying particular languages to help me out. All I need
are about half a dozen extra numeral forms in any particular language to be able to analyse the overall numeral structures:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">11 – 15 – 20 – 30 - 40 -50 - 100 (maybe 1000, etc)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Also please advise if the language uses numeral classifiers, or has special numeration for certain things like coconuts, fish, people, or little round objects.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Even if you just jot down those few numbers next time you have a particular dictionary to hand, it would be a great help.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">I would be especially grateful for contributions from anyone studying </SPAN><st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Borneo</SPAN></st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">, the CEMP area or Vanuatu/New Caledonian languages, where some interesting things seem to have happened to numerals. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">------------------------------------------------------------------------</SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in
1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">For example: <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">*sa puluq<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>= 1 – 10, <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>so PAn 20 should be *dua puluq<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">And that rule seems to apply throughout the WMP area.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">But 20 changes word order in </SPAN><st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Flores</SPAN></st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> (to mbulu zhua (10 - 2) in
Rongga)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">And first seems* to become tautological in </SPAN><st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">West New Guinea</SPAN></st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">: <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">samfur-di-suru</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">in </SPAN><st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Biak</SPAN></st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> (1 - 10 - 2)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in
0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">(*I have very little data on teens or twenties west of </SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">New Guinea</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">, hence my appeal above).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Then mostly ‘vigesimal’ forms that might include reflexes of *sa puluq only in the teens and in odd-numbered decades, until (and beyond): - sangaul ru in Arop-Lukep (opposite the </SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Bismarcks</SPAN></st1:place></st1:City><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">).
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Most of the very little data I have on </SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Vanuatu</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> higher numbers show the 10-2 construction. Tryon did a great job, collecting numbers 1-10, but didn’t go further.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and then on to: </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">rua-sagavulu in </SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Fiji</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> (Bau) and lua sefulu in </SPAN><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Samoa</SPAN></st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> (with another change in word order (2-10), but still tautological). <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">In between, there are more than a few complications in mainland
</SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">New Guinea</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">, the Admiralties, </SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Bismarcks</SPAN></st1:place></st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">, Solomons, and </SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Vanuatu</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family:
'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Manus, for instance, has almost the ‘true’ PAn constructions, but greatly abbreviated: <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(Andra-Hus sanguh -10, lunguh – 20), as does </SPAN><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">New Ireland</SPAN></st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> (Barok – sangaun, dura sangaun). So this may be the ‘pass-through’ area for Polynesians.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in
1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">But </SPAN><st1:City><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">New Britain</SPAN></st1:place></st1:City><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> does not (Gimi – sungul, sungul kiep), and nor does most of mainland </SPAN><st1:country-region><st1:place><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">New Guinea</SPAN></st1:place></st1:country-region><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Something that
becomes immediately apparent from the chart is that, however ‘primitive’ the system, innate arithmetical/grammatical ‘rules’ seem to apply quite regularly. Even in so-called ‘primitive binary’ systems, 3 is always 2-1, never 1-2. It is exceptional when 11 is 1-10, not 10-1, in either An or non-An languages.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">So, to have an anomaly like the ‘tautological 10’ is ‘unruly’, and worth further investigation.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>It implies that the reconstructed POc *rua na puluq = 2 – 10 = 20 might be a little shaky.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt
0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">If, as I now believe, (apparent from the data) the evolution of higher number systems, and some of the words used, long post-dated the time when PAn and POc might have been actually spoken, then the combination of the number systems and the words used could be very useful for relative dating of group migrations and settlements.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Regards<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in
1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1in 0pt 0in"><SPAN style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Richard<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 1.25in 0pt 0in"></SPAN> </div></FONT></FONT></SPAN>