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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Davi,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>In the Philippine languages I know
(Tagalog, Cebuano, and Hiligaynon), to specify the “natural gender”
of ‘gender-neutral’ words that refer to humans, the following
pattern is used: gender-neutral word + attr. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>na/nga
</span></i> + <i><span style='font-style:italic'>lalaki </span></i> ‘man/male
’/ <i><span style='font-style:italic'>babae </span></i>‘woman/female’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>For example:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>1. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>anak
</span></i>‘offspring’ + <i><span style='font-style:italic'>na/nga
</span></i>+ <i><span style='font-style:italic'>babae </span></i>‘woman/female’
> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>anak na/nga babae </span></i>‘daughter’;<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>anak
</span></i>‘offspring’ + <i><span style='font-style:italic'>na/nga
</span></i>+ <i><span style='font-style:italic'>lalaki </span></i>‘man/male’
> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>anak na/nga lalaki </span></i>‘son’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>2. Tagalog: <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>kapatid </span></i>‘sibling’ + <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>na </span></i> + <i><span style='font-style:italic'>babae </span></i>‘woman/female’
> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>kapatid na babae </span></i>‘sister’;
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>
kapatid </span></i>‘sibling’ + <i><span style='font-style:italic'> na
</span></i> +<i><span style='font-style:italic'> lalaki </span></i>‘man/male’
> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>kapatid na lalaki </span></i> ‘brother’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> Cebuano/Hiligaynon: <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>igsuon</span></i> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>‘sibling’
</span></i>+ -<i><span style='font-style:italic'>ng </span></i>(<i><span
style='font-style:italic'>< nga</span></i>) + <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>babae ‘</span></i>woman/female’ > <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>igsuong babae </span></i>‘sister’<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <i><span
style='font-style:italic'> igsuon</span></i> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>‘sibling’
</span></i>+ -<i><span style='font-style:italic'>ng </span></i>(<i><span
style='font-style:italic'>< nga</span></i>) + <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>lalaki </span></i>‘man/male’ <i><span style='font-style:
italic'> </span></i>> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>igsuong lalaki </span></i>‘brother’<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>The very few English loanwords that are
gender-neutral follow the same pattern.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>For example: <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>titser </span></i>‘teacher’ + <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>na/nga </span></i>+ <i><span style='font-style:italic'>babae </span></i>‘woman/female’
> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>titser na/nga babae </span></i>‘female
teacher’;<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>titser </span></i>‘teacher’ + <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>na/nga </span></i>+ <i><span style='font-style:italic'>lalaki
</span></i>‘man/male’ > <i><span style='font-style:italic'>titser
na/nga lalaki </span></i>‘male teacher’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><i><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy;font-style:italic'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> However, Spanish loanwords that involve
‘natural gender’ have gender distinction ‘built in’ in
the donor language. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> For example:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>m(a)estro</span></i>
‘male teacher’ vs. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>m(a)estra</span></i>
‘female teacher;<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>doktor
</span></i>‘male doctor’ vs. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>doktora
</span></i>‘female doctor’<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <i><span style='font-style:italic'>tindero
</span></i>‘male vendor/shopkeeper vs. <i><span style='font-style:italic'>tindera</span></i>
‘female vendor/shopkeeper; <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> (Tagalog) <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>kumpare </span></i>‘co-godfather’ vs. <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>kumare </span></i>‘co-godmother’;<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> (Cebuano/Hiligaynon) <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>kumpadre </span></i>‘co-godfatheN.B. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>N.B. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>It is interesting to note that the Spanish
<i><span style='font-style:italic'>-o/-a </span></i>marker of gender
distinction has been ‘over-extended’ and come to be applied by many
Tagalog/other Philippine language speakers (who do not know Spanish) to Spanish
loanwords that refer to 2 articles of clothing in particular. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>For example:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> Spanish <i><span style='font-style:
italic'>vestido </span></i>‘dress’ > Tagalog <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>bestida</span></i>; Spanish <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>terno</span></i> ‘matched outfit/ Filipino
woman’s traditional dress’ > <i><span style='font-style:italic'>terna
</span></i>‘Filipino woman’s traditional dress’.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>It appears that the ‘popular’
rationale for this is that these garments are for women; ergo, the words should
have a female gender marker.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>With kind regards,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Paz B. Naylor <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>PAZ <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on">BUENAVENTURA</st1:place></st1:City> NAYLOR Ph.D.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Emeritus: Associate Professor,
Asian Languages and Cultures<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> Program Associate,
Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> Faculty Associate,
Center for SSEAsian Studies<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Formerly: Assistant
Professor, Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> Lecturer, Teaching
Fellow, Romance Languages <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>The <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Michigan</st1:PlaceName>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City
w:st="on">Ann Arbor</st1:City> <st1:State w:st="on">MI</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode
w:st="on">48109</st1:PostalCode></st1:place> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'>Home Address: <st1:address
w:st="on"><st1:Street w:st="on">2032 Winsted Blvd.</st1:Street>, <st1:City
w:st="on">Ann Arbor</st1:City> <st1:State w:st="on">MI</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode
w:st="on">48103</st1:PostalCode></st1:address><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'> Tel/Fax: 734-995-2371<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
an-lang-bounces@anu.edu.au [mailto:an-lang-bounces@anu.edu.au] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Davi Albuquerque<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Sunday, January 10, 2010
10:50 AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> An Lang<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [An-lang] Linguistic
Contact in <st1:place w:st="on">East Timor</st1:place></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><font size=2 face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Dear <font color=navy><span
style='color:navy'> </span></font>colleagues,<br>
<br>
I am researching languages in contact in <st1:place w:st="on">East Timor</st1:place>,
and I faced two problems. So, I have two questions that maybe someone could
help me!<br>
<br>
1- The languages of East Timor have a pattern to mark natural gender usually
putting a word that means means 'man' for human/male, 'woman' for human/female,
'father' for animal/male, and 'mother' for animal/female. Ex. in Tetun-Dili:
oan 'offspring'; oan-mane 'offspring-man' 'son'; oan-feto
'offspring-woman' 'daughter'. This is a typological trace of Austronesian
languages? or, This can be reconstructed to any proto-language?
or, This is a tentative to reproduce the grammatical gender of
Indo-European languages?<br>
<br>
2- Waima'a dialect of East Timor has a set of ejectives, implosives, and
aspirated oclusives (Hajek and Bowden, 2002), but also others Austronesian
languages of <st1:place w:st="on">East Timor</st1:place> appears to have at
least one of these sets. Maybe this could be due to the contact with Papuasic
languages Waima'a < Makasae, and Kemak < Bunak. Is this complex
phonological system a typological feature of Papuasic languages?
Someone could mention others examples of Papuasic influence on
Austronesian due to intense contact?<br>
<br>
Thank you all.<br>
<br>
Prof. Davi B. Albuquerque. <br>
<br>
<a href="http://easttimorlinguistics.blogspot.com/">http://easttimorlinguistics.blogspot.com/</a> <br>
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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face=Verdana><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>
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