<div dir="ltr">This is far from David's original inquiry, but I'll just add that Besemah (Malayic, South Sumatra) appends /h/ to all loanwords that end in the vowels /a, e, o/. The reason is actually quite clear. <div><br></div><div>Besemah only has three vowel phonemes /i, a, u/ in addition to the pepet. High vowels in closed final syllables with an /h/ or glottal stop coda lower to mid (or sometimes high-mid) vowels (i.e., i -> e, u -> o). Therefore, when speakers adapt loanwords with mid-vowels, they usually raise the vowels in pre-final syllables, but append /h/ to final syllables. Therefore, the soup <i>soto ayam </i>in Besemah is <i>sutoh ayam. </i>This is also the case with word-final /a/ because all words with a final a raised to barred i. So, desa 'village' is realized as disah in Besemah. So, there may indeed be a principled reason for the addition of /h/ in loanwords in Malay. </div><div><br></div><div>For what it's worth, I'll just mention that neither Besemah (nor to my knowledge any other isolect of southern Sumatra) uses kasi(h) to mean give. Besemah only has the form kesian (where e is a schwa) meaning 'pity'. It does not carry the sense of 'love'. </div><div><br></div><div>Best, </div><div>Brad</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Feb 19, 2015 at 6:00 AM, Tom Hoogervorst <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:tomhoogervorst@hotmail.com" target="_blank">tomhoogervorst@hotmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div><div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Dear list,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Further to Waruno’s point on the appearance of final
/h/ in Malay vernaculars, it may be added that this tendency is also attested in some loanwords:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"> <br></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">əngkah</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">
‘glue’ < Hokkien <i>n̂g-ka</i> (</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif" lang="ZH-TW">黃膠</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">gajah</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">
‘elephant’ < Sanskrit <i>gaja</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">galuh</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">
‘gem’ < Sanskrit <i>galū</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">patih</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">
‘chief minister’ < Sanskrit <i>pati</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">rupiah</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">
‘a kind of coin’ < Sanskrit <i>rūpya</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">səkolah</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">
‘school’ < Portuguese <i>escola</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">səparuh</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">
‘one half’ < Javanese <i>səparo</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="NL">teh</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="NL"> ‘tea’
< Hokkien <i>tê</i> (</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"PMingLiU",serif" lang="ZH-TW">茶</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="NL">)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="NL"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">In addition, the following examples have a word-final
/h/ in Malaysia but not in Indonesia:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">jaguh</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">
‘champion’ < Javanese <i>jago</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">tempoh</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">
‘time’ < Portuguese <i>tempo</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">It would seem, as was pointed out before, that this
reflects underexplored processes of interdialectical borrowing prior to the standardization of Malay.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><br><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">All the best,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Tom Hoogervorst</span></p>
</div></div>
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