<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">A belated comment re Brunei Malay. Waruno writes that "postglottalisation of originally final vowels (typically -a) [...] is a feature of Banjarese and Brunei Malay." This is often said of Brunei Malay, but it is in fact a purely phrase-final, and optional, phonetic feature. It might be heard eg. in eliciting wordlists, hence an erroneous conclusion that it is a lexical feature. Lexically, historical final a remains just that in Brunei Malay.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Adrian Clynes<br></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Jul 7, 2015 at 7:59 PM, Waruno Mahdi <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:mahdi@fhi-berlin.mpg.de" target="_blank">mahdi@fhi-berlin.mpg.de</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Dear Piers,<br>
<br>
Sorry to be so slow to respond.<br>
With regard to borrowings into Tagalog from Malay, and also from<br>
Sanskrit and Arabic (presumably also Tamil and Persian), the<br>
situation may be much more complicated than first meets the eye.<br>
<br>
Borrowing from Malay continued over a period of one millennium or<br>
more (since around the 8th century), during which time various<br>
Malay dialects acted as donor. The most conspicuous effect is the<br>
postglottalisation of originally final vowels (typically -a).<br>
This is a feature of Banjarese and Brunei Malay and suggests that<br>
at least some of the borrowings exhibiting such postglottalisation<br>
took place during Brunei paramountcy over parts of the Philippines.<br>
<br>
With regard to borrowings from Sanskrit (also Tamil, Arabic, Persian),<br>
the greater majority was borrowed via Malay, i.e. these are actually<br>
borrowings from Malay as well. Here again, some will have post-<br>
glottalised final vowels, others not, depending on the final donor<br>
dialect. This too is a simplification, because within Malay too,<br>
there was significant inter-dialectal borrowing.<br>
<br>
This is apparent amongst others from a postglottalised final vowel in<br>
a non-postglottalising dialect. Thus, in Standard Malay _datuk_<br>
"chief",<br>
final -k of the spelling denotes glottal stop. The Old Malay form of<br>
the word is _datu_ "ruler". The second component in _barat-daya_<br>
"southwest" and the word _Dayak_ 'hinterland inhabitant of Kalimantan"<br>
are cognate, deriving from the same Proto-Austronesian *daya "interior,<br>
upriver".<br>
<br>
Borrowings from Chinese apparently were not mediated by Malay, but I am<br>
not informed about whether they were all borrowed from the same Chinese<br>
dialect. I rather doubt that. Furthermore, during a significant period<br>
there was an Archipelagian dialect of Chinese, spoken in Chinese<br>
trader settlements in presentday Indonesia. Their word for "clove", was<br>
even borrowed into standard Indonesian Malay as _cengkéh_, replacing<br>
the<br>
older original Malay word (_lawang_. which presently means "mace, skin<br>
of the nutmeg kernl"). It seems likely that some Chinese borrowings in<br>
Tagalog too originated from the Archipelagian Chinese.<br>
<br>
Will try to look up bibliographic references and let you know later.<br>
<br>
Aloha,<br>
Waruno<br>
<span class=""><br>
<br>
On 2015-07-07 04:49, Piers Kelly wrote:<br>
> Thanks all for your responses.<br>
><br>
</span>> I have managed to consult Panganibans _Diksyunaryo_ of 1972 which<br>
<span class="">> includes the following statement:<br>
><br>
> "This Diksyunaryu-Tesauro Pilipino-Ingles has 27,069 main word<br>
> entries<br>
> accompanied by almost 217,500 lexical items distributed among [...]<br>
> 12,000 loan words (Sp., Eng., Ch., Ind.-European languages);"<br>
><br>
</span>> However, in his Introduction to Leo James Englishs_ English–Tagalog<br>
> dictionary_ (1965), he is more specific and writes, "The present<br>
<span class="">> Tagalog-based Pilipino is estimated as having around 30,000<br>
> root-words<br>
> and around 700 affixes. Of the root-words, the recognizable loans at<br>
> this time are, in round numbers, 5,000 from Spanish, 3,200 from<br>
> Malayo-Indonesian, 1,500 from Chinese, 1,500 from English, 300 from<br>
> Sanskrit, 250 from Arabaic and a few hundred altogether from Mexican,<br>
> persian, Japanese, Russian and other languages." n.d.<br>
><br>
> The other suggested sources that I have been able to consult tend to<br>
> describe loans without quantifying them, although some (eg, Gloria<br>
</span>> Chan-Yap) break down loans by semantic domain. Ill see how I go with<br>
<span class="">> Manuel sources too.<br>
><br>
> Thanks again!<br>
><br>
> Piers<br>
><br>
</span>> ......<SNIP><br>
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