<HTML><BODY style="word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; -khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">------------------------------------------------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Arabic-L: Fri 13 Jan 2006</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Moderator: Dilworth Parkinson <<A href="mailto:dilworth_parkinson@byu.edu">dilworth_parkinson@byu.edu</A>></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">[To post messages to the list, send them to <A href="mailto:arabic-l@byu.edu">arabic-l@byu.edu</A>]</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">[To unsubscribe, send message from same address you subscribed from to</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><A href="mailto:listserv@byu.edu">listserv@byu.edu</A> with first line reading:</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> unsubscribe arabic-l ]</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">-------------------------Directory------------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">1) Subject:Some notes on Arabic translations of Western Texts</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">-------------------------Messages-----------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">1)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Date: 13 Jan 2006</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">From:<A href="mailto:Michael.Schub@trincoll.edu">Michael.Schub@trincoll.edu</A></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Subject:Some notes on Arabic translations of Western Texts</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><P class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;">EXCELLENT ADVENTURES IN TRANSLATION</SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center;"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"> </SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><DIV class="MsoNormal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>By Michael B. Schub (aka<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Dhuu<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>as-Sawwaabiq<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>`alaa<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>`ahdi-hi<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>s-saabiq))</DIV><DIV class="MsoNormal"> <O:P></O:P></DIV><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">(#1)</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">G. Orwell’s <I>Animal Farm</I></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">:</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[1]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">“[All the pigeons, to the number of thirty-five,] flew to and fro over the men’s heads and muted upon them from mid-air; and while the men were dealing with this…”</SPAN></SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Facing Arabic translation:</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">/</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">yaTiiru</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">dhahaaban</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">wa-iyaaban</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">fawqa</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">ru’uusi</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">r-rijaal.</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">wa-fii-maa</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">kaana</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">r-rijaalu</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">yu`aajiluuna dhaalika…/.</SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">The “Source Text” phrase “and muted upon them from mid-air” is omitted in the “Target Text.”</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Legitimate causes for “translation by omission [not ‘muting’]” is given by Dickens, et al. in their <I>Thinking Arabic Translation</I></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">.</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[2]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Wa-maa</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">ra’yu-kum?</SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">(1a)</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Perhaps the mirror image of this process (what linguists call ‘the Bizarro World View’) is found in Orwell 261 end:</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">“They are taking Boxer to the knacker’s [a Britishism],”</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">which is translated on the facing page as</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">/inna-hum</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">ya’khudhuuna</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Bokser</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">ilaa</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">taajiri</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">l-Hayawaanaati</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">l-haziilati</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">li-dhabHi-hi</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">wa-taqdiimi-hi</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Ta`aaman</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">lil-kilaab/.</SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">(#2) </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">In a bilingual ad for Lâncome perfume, the French:</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[3]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">“Tue es le grand soleil qui me montre `a la tête [ You are the great sunlight that goes to my head], the Arabic has:</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">/ anti</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">nuur</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">sh-shamsu</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">l-ladhii</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">yasrii</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">fii</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">damii</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">kal-Hamiim/.</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">The last word is intended to convey “a close friend,” but those familiar with this expression in the Qur’an will note that there it is also used in the sense of </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">“the boiling hot water that the sinners in Hellfire will have to drink as part of their punishment.”</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>Shmeckt</I></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>nisht</I></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> (it doesn’t smell right).</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[4]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">(#3)</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;">Impressive big words.</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Dickens, <I>Thinking Arabic Translation</I></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">:</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[5]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">“In such cases, compensation does not come into the reckoning.</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">For example,</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>faraash</I></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">in Arabic covers</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">includes both ‘moths’ and butterflies.’ In English (that is to say, it is a <B>hyperonym</B></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> of ‘moth’ and ‘butterfly’…)</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">accordingly, one would expect an Arabic entomological book title</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>al-faraash</I></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">to be translated into English as “Moths and Butterflies’, or as ‘Butterflies and Moths’.</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">In either case, there is no question of compensation being involved here.”</SPAN></SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">If one opens H.</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">al-Karmi’s humongous <I>Al-Mughnii</I></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>al-Akbar</I></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">,</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[6]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> one should take especial care not to flutter by the full-color plate facing p. 182 entitled “Butterflies and Moths /</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>al-faraash</I></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>wal-`uthth</I></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">.”</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Given Mr. Dickens mite-sized acquaintance with debugging, perhaps he should come out of his cocoon and study some Semitic</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">word origins, an activity he would no doubt call “entymology (<I>sic</I></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">):”</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><B><I>The irrefragable proof of this is found</I></B></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> in </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>The Arabic Language</I></SPAN><SPAN style=""><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">.</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[7]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">(#4)</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;">Snow and ice.</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">In Orwell, vowel signs are almost never used.</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Thus</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">/bard/</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">=</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">“cold;”</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[8]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">/nafs/</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">=</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">“self; selfsame; soul,” several times.</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Notable exceptions: (a)</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">/baradun</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">thumma</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">thalj</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">fa-jaliid</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">qaasin/</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">=</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">“…sleet and snow, and then…a hard frost [sic],”</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[9]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> where the first and last words only are vocalized:</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">the first, properly “hail [collective]” to contrast it to</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">/bard/</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">=</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">“cold.”</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">(b)</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">/ma`a</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">taHarruk</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">nafasi-h/</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">=</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">“…stirred and rustled in his breath,”</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[10]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> where the final word is vocalized to distinguish it from</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">/nafs/.</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">It looks like we still have to rely on those hearty vowels.</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[11]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">(#5)</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;">Lord, what fools these mortals be!</SPAN></SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">G.</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Bergsträsser wrote a book about the Semitic languages in the most cryptically incondite German prose imaginable.</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[12]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">An English translation followed.</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[13]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">In the former, the author translates the Ge’ez (Old Ethiopic) broken plural</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">/anaaqeS/</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">correctly, as “Tore (= gates”).</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[14]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">The English version, however, is “fools.”</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[15]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">In German, Tor, pl. Tore is “gate;” Tor, pl. Toren is “fool.”</SPAN></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">(#6) <SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;">Don’t ask</SPAN>:</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">/kaana</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">Z-Zalaamu</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">daamisan/</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">=</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">“it got really dark” is rendered “oppression was in hiding.”</SPAN><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character:footnote"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">[16]</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></P><P class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 48px;margin-left: 0.5in; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">O my Lolita!</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;">I have only words to play with.</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>yaa</I></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>faraashatii,</I></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>`uudii</I></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>`uudii</I></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>ilaa</I></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>firaashii</I></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>l-muriiHi</I></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I>l-murii`.</I></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I> </I></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><I><O:P></O:P></I></SPAN></P><DIV style="mso-element:footnote-list"><BR clear="all"><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[1]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Orwell, George.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><I>Animal Farm (English-Arabic).</I><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Bierut<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1999.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>88, 89 top.</SPAN></DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[2]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Dickens, J. <I>et al.</I><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><I> </I></SPAN><I>Thinking Arabic Translation.</I><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>London<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>2002.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>23.</SPAN></DIV><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"> <O:P></O:P></DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[3]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Hervey, S. and I. Higgins.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><I>Thinking French Translation.</I><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><I> </I></SPAN><I>2</I><FONT class="Apple-style-span" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;"><I>nd</I></SPAN></FONT><I> ed</I><SPAN style="">.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>London and NY<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>2002.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>83.</SPAN></DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[4]</SPAN></SPAN></A> See Krystal, Alex in latest <I>American Scholar</I><SPAN style="">.</SPAN></DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[5]</SPAN></SPAN></A> <I>TAT</I><SPAN style=""> 48 top.</SPAN></DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[6]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Al-Karmii, H.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><I>Al-Mughnii</I><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><I> </I></SPAN><I>al-Akbar</I><SPAN style="">.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Beirut<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1987.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(Eng.==>Ar.,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1710 pp.)</SPAN><O:P></O:P></DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[7]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Chejne, Anwar G.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><I>Tha Arabic Language</I><SPAN style="">.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Minneapolis<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1969.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>105 mid.</SPAN></DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[8]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Orwell 240 mid.</DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[9]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Same.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>158, 159 top.</DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[10]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Same.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>214, 215 end.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>See Kaye, Alan S.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><I>JSS [= Journal of Semitic Studies].</I><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>L/1.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Spring 2005.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>189, note 109.</SPAN></DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[11]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Note misprints in Ryding, K. C. <I>A Referene </I><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><I> </I></SPAN><I>Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic</I><SPAN style="">.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Cambridge 2005:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>(1) */badalat-un/<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>for<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>/badlatun/<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>=<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>“suit [of clothes]” 271 mid; (2) */ashhuur/<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>[Ar. script] for<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>/ashhur/<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>=<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>“months” 290 top; (3) */ka-`umar-in/<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>for<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>/ka-`umar#/<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>or<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>/ka-`umara/<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>=<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>“ like Omar [Sharif]” 374 mid; (4)<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>/tanmuu/<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>“they grow” spelled with an otiose<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><I>alif</I><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>at the end,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[12]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Bergsträsser, G.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><I>Einfüring in die semitischen Sprachen.</I><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Munich<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1963.</SPAN></DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[13]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Trans. Daniels, P. T.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><I>Introduction to the Semitic Languages.</I><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Winona Lake, Indiana.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1983.</SPAN></DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[14]</SPAN></SPAN></A> 102 end.</DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[15]</SPAN></SPAN></A> 125 mid.</DIV></DIV><DIV style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16"><DIV class="MsoFootnoteText"><A style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><SPAN class="MsoFootnoteReference"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote">[16]</SPAN></SPAN></A> Badawi, E. <I>et al.</I><SPAN style=""><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><I>Modern Written Arabic:</I><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><I> </I></SPAN><I>A Comprehensive Grammar</I><SPAN style="">.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>London and NY<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>2004.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>277 top.</SPAN></DIV></DIV></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">--------------------------------------------------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">End of Arabic-L: 13 Jan 2006</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV></BODY></HTML>