<HTML><BODY style="word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; -khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">------------------------------------------------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Arabic-L: Sat 20 Jan 2007</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Moderator: Dilworth Parkinson <<A href="mailto:dilworth_parkinson@byu.edu">dilworth_parkinson@byu.edu</A>></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">[To post messages to the list, send them to <A href="mailto:arabic-l@byu.edu">arabic-l@byu.edu</A>]</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">[To unsubscribe, send message from same address you subscribed from to</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><A href="mailto:listserv@byu.edu">listserv@byu.edu</A> with first line reading:</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> unsubscribe arabic-l ]</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">-------------------------Directory------------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">1) Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">2) Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">3) Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">4) Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">5) Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">6) Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">-------------------------Messages-----------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">1)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Date: 20 Jan 2007</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">From:Jonathan Rodgers <<A href="mailto:jrodgers@umich.edu">jrodgers@umich.edu</A>></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">See Wright, A Grammar of the Arabic Language, v. 1, p. 75, paragraph 133, rem.</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">--------------------------------------------------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">2)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Date: 20 Jan 2007</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">From:<B> </B>"Waheed Samy" <<A href="mailto:wasamy@umich.edu">wasamy@umich.edu</A>></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">Haruko, you can use either one of the two methods below:</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"> </SPAN></FONT></P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">I- The strength-O-meter method</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">Under this method the strongest wins!</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">Here is ‘the order of strength’, from strongest to weakest: ئـ, ؤ, أ.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">So in your example, أقرأها VS أقرؤها, the second wins because ؤ is stronger than أ:</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"> </SPAN></FONT></P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">Here’s another example:</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">تقرأين or تقرئين?</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">According to the strength-O-meter above, ئـ is stronger than أ. Therefore تقرئين wins.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"> </SPAN></FONT></P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">II- The syllable method</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">If you syllabify the indicative أقرأها or أقرَؤها you get the following four syllables:</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">‘aq + ra + ’u + ha.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">The third syllable -‘u - tells you that the seat of the hamza is /w/.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"> </SPAN></FONT></P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">For تقرأين and تقرئين, if you syllabify you get the following four syllables:</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">taq + ra+ ‘ii+ na.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">The third syllable –‘ii- tells you that the seat of the hamza is /y/.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"> </SPAN></FONT></P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">Waheed</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></SPAN></FONT></P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">--------------------------------------------------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">3)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Date: 20 Jan 2007</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">From:"Marco Hamam" <<A href="mailto:marco.hamam@poste.it">marco.hamam@poste.it</A>></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Hello Haruko. First, in arabic, it is always important to distinguish between the rule and the practice. Your examples belong to what is called "qawa'id al-hamza al-mutatarrifa", the hamza at the end of words.</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">The imla' rule says exactly what it follows:</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">يكون حكم الهمزة المتطرفة حكم الحرف الساكن لأنها في موضع الوقف من الكلمات . (</FONT>Khalil Ibrahim, al-Mughni fi qawa'id al-'imla', Amman, al-Ahliyya, 2002, p.15)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">That means that this hamza is treated like a "voweless consonant" at the end of a syllabe. So final short inflectional vowels do not count unless it is -an so that hamza is considered middle.</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Al-hamza al-mutatarrifa provides two cases:</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">1. it is preceeded by a mute consonant: the hamza is written alone like in <FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">المرء ، الشيء ، الوضوء</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">2. it is preceeded by a voweled consonat: the hamza is written on the consonant (alif, waw, ya') that corrisponds to the short vowel of the consonant before like in <FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">الخطأ ، التواطؤ ، قارئ</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">So, coming to your cases we can say that the right solutions are:</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">CASE (1)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">لم أقرأِ الرسالة</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Geeza Pro; min-height: 15px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">CASE (2)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">أقرأُها</FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro"> </FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">(</FONT>because hamza is considered a final syllabe consonant and it is preceed by a fatha)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">(have a look also at the case of <FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">قرأوا . </FONT>Here it is a good explanation <A href="http://www.rezgar.com/debat/show.art.asp?aid=10449">http://www.rezgar.com/debat/show.art.asp?aid=10449</A>)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">As for practice, things change. </DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">CASE (1)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">you can find this sentence written:</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">لم أقرأِ الرسالة</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">لم أقرإِ الرسالة</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">لم أقرَئِ الرسالة</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">the last two do not respect the rule, though.</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">CASE (2)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">أقرأُها</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">أقرؤُها</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Geeza Pro; min-height: 15px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Best,</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Marco Hamam</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">--------------------------------------------------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">4)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Date: 20 Jan 2007</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">From:"Dr. M. Deeb" <<A href="mailto:muhammaddeeb@gmail.com">muhammaddeeb@gmail.com</A>></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"> Our Japanese colleague, Haruko Sakaedani, raises the interesting question of al-Hamza in Arabic orthography. My comments and suggestions are inserted after his two given cases, respectively.</FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;"> </SPAN></FONT></P><DIV style="text-indent: 48px;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">Case (1):</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="text-indent: 0px;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;"> </SPAN></FONT></P><DIV style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;">For example, "i did not read the letter." means "lam 'aqra'i r-risaalah." In Arabic. How do you write this Arabic sentence? "I did not read" is "lam 'aqra'," which is written as لم أقرأ</SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;">.</SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;"> The last hamzah is written </SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="1"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 9px;">on</SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;"> a 'alif. "lam 'aqra'i r-risaalah," however, the vowel "i" is added to the last hamzah of أقرأ</SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;"> .</SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;"> In this case, do we have to write the hamzah UNDER the 'alif? like لم أقرإ الرسالة</SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;"> </SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;">???????</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="text-align: auto;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"> </FONT></P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><B> </B></FONT></DIV><DIV style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><B><></B></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;"> </SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">The hamza should be placed </FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"><I>on</I></SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"> the “alif.” The sukuun of the jussive is changed to a kasra as it is followed by hamzat ‘al-waSl.</FONT></DIV><P style="text-align: auto;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;"> </SPAN></FONT></P><DIV style="text-indent: 48px;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;"> Case (2):</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="text-indent: 0px;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;"> </SPAN></FONT></P><DIV style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;">"I (shall) read" means "'aqra'u" in Arabic and it is written as أقرأ</SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;">."</SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;">I (shall) read it (f.sg.)" means "'aqra'u-haa" but how do you write this sentence? I thought that i may write it as أقرأها, though I have found one of the Arabic Language Learner's books in which "'aqra'u-haa" is written as أقرؤها, a hamzah on Waaw.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="text-align: auto; text-indent: 48px;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;"> </SPAN></FONT></P><P style="text-indent: 0px;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="3"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12.7px;"> </SPAN></FONT></P><DIV style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><B><></B></FONT> The right form is <FONT class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><B>أقرؤها</B></SPAN></FONT><B> </B><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">. The verb is in the indicative mood and is thus voweled with a Damma. In line with Arabic orthography, the medial hamza following a letter with a fatHa and falling between two consonants is written on a waaw.</FONT></DIV><P style="text-align: auto;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"> </FONT></P><DIV style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">The medial hamza has been a source of headaches and heartaches for Arabs and Arabists alike. As it is difficult to go into details here, I’d like to suggest a brief and reliable reference on the rules of Arabic orthography, written by the late eminent Arab grammarian and editor, ‘Abdul as-Salaam Muhammad Haaruun, </FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"> </SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial" size="6"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18.7px;"><B>قواعد الأملاء</B></SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">, Cairo, 1985. I hope this would prove of some assistance. </FONT></DIV><P align="justify" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"> </FONT></P><DIV style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">* M. Deeb</FONT></DIV><P align="justify" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"> </FONT></P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">--------------------------------------------------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">5)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Date: 20 Jan 2007</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">From:"<A href="mailto:t.milo@chello.nl">t.milo@chello.nl</A></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Your transcriptions are flawless, just type them into AE</DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">lam 'aqra'</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">lam 'aqra'i r-risaalah (better: r-risaala+ to get the dots; there is a well-written help file)</DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">And get the correct Arabic orthography in real time on screen.</DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Enjoy,</DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Thomas Milo</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">--------------------------------------------------------------------------</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">6)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Date: 20 Jan 2007</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">From:""JL" <<A href="mailto:mm221@op.pl">mm221@op.pl</A>></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Subject:Hamza response</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;"> </SPAN></FONT>In this case, do we have to write the hamzah UNDER the 'alif?<FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;"> </SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">like <FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">لم أقرإ الرسالة </FONT>???????</DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">No. At the end of the word the "kursiyy" depends on the vowel preceding the hamza.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">The kursiyy cannot be other than </SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Times New Arabic">أ </FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">(alif and hamza above it). A damma or kasra occuring after the alif brings no change, because the fatha before the alif remains still the same fatha, and the kursiyy depends on it.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">So you should write only: </SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Times New Arabic">لم أقرأ الرسالة</FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">CASE 2)</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">"i (shall) read" means "'aqra'u" in Arabic and it is written as <FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">أقرأ.</FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">"</FONT>i (shall) read it(f.sg.)" means "'aqra'u-haa" but how do you write this</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">sentence?</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">i thought that i may write it as <FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">أقرأها </FONT>,</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">though i have found one of the Arabic Language Learner's books</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">in which "'aqra'u-haa" is written as <FONT class="Apple-style-span" face="Geeza Pro">أقرؤها </FONT>, a hamzah on Waaw.</DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Please teach me how to write hamzahs.</DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">The rule is that at the end of the word the "kursiyy" depends on the vowel preceding the hamza.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">The problem however is what we mean by the "word".</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">Similar problems occur when we conjugate an "ultimae hamza" verb.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">Many grammars pretend that the </SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;">يقرؤون </SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">is correct, but many famous Arabic writers use the </SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;">يقرأون</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">believing that the kursiyy depends on the wowel preceding the "stem-ending" hamza.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">I am a descriptive and not normative linguist and from my point of wiev the both forms are correct,</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">but I believe that </SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="4"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;">يقرأون </SPAN></FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">is better because there is much more easy to state when is the end of the stem, and</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">much more difficult when is the end of the word.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">But this is only my personal opinion and I cannot say anymore that such a opinion should be in any degree a normative one.</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> </P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">Best regards,</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">Jerzy Lacina</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">Adam Mickiewicz University</SPAN></FONT></DIV><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#000BFF" face="Arial" size="2"><SPAN class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 10px;">Department of Oriental Studies</SPAN></FONT></DIV><P style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px"> --------------------------------------------------------------------------</P><DIV style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">End of Arabic-L: 20 Jan 2007</DIV></BODY></HTML>