<div dir="ltr"><div>------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div>Arabic-L: Sat 08 Sep 2012</div><div>Moderator: Dilworth Parkinson <<a href="mailto:dilworth_parkinson@byu.edu" target="_blank">dilworth_parkinson@byu.edu</a>></div>
<div>[To post messages to the list, send them to <a href="mailto:arabic-l@byu.edu" target="_blank">arabic-l@byu.edu</a>]</div><div>[To unsubscribe, send message from same address you subscribed from to</div><div><a href="mailto:listserv@byu.edu" target="_blank">listserv@byu.edu</a> with first line reading:</div>
<div> unsubscribe arabic-l ]</div><div><br></div><div>-------------------------Directory------------------------------------</div><div><br></div><div>1) Subject:Book Review of Perspectives 22-23</div>
<div><br>
</div><div>-------------------------Messages-----------------------------------</div><div>1)</div><div>Date: 08 Sep 2012</div><div>From:reposted from LINGUIST</div><div>Subject:Book Review of Perspectives 22-23</div><div>
<br></div><div><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Date: Mon, 03 Sep 2012 20:12:10</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">From: Inas Mahfouz [</span><a href="mailto:imahfouz@acm.org" style="color:rgb(17,85,204);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif" target="_blank">imahfouz@acm.org</a><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">]</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Subject: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Announced at </span><a href="http://linguistlist.org/issues/23/23-225.html" style="color:rgb(17,85,204);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif" target="_blank">http://linguistlist.org/issues/23/23-225.html</a><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">EDITORS: Broselow, Ellen I. and Ouali, Hamid</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">TITLE: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">SUBTITLE: Papers from the Annual Symposia on Arabic Linguistics. Volume</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">XXII-XXIII: College Park, Maryland, 2008 and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2009</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">SERIES TITLE: Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 317</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">PUBLISHER: John Benjamins</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">YEAR: 2011</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Inas Y. Mahfouz, Ain Shams University, Egypt.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">SUMMARY</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">This book belongs to the Current Issues in Linguistic Theory series. It contains</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">papers from the annual symposia on Arabic Linguistics (2008-2009). The book is</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">divided into three parts: the first is dedicated to phonetics and phonology; the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">second to morphology and syntax; and the third tackles language acquisition,</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">learning and contact. The volume begins with an introduction which is divided</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">into two sections. In the first, the editors highlight the contribution of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Arabic linguistics to research on language in general. The second section</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">focuses specifically on Arabic linguistics. The editors point out that</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">investigating Arabic linguistics involves two broad approaches. One focuses on</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">the detailed investigation of a certain variety and the other is interested in</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">cross-language variation. Most of the papers in this book belong to the latter</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">approach. Some of the papers discuss language acquisition and language change</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">while others examine the interfaces of linguistic subsystems, i.e., the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">interface of syntax, semantics, phonology, and pragmatics.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The second section of the introduction is centered on current trends in Arabic</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">linguistics. It concentrates on three subfields in Arabic linguistics, similar</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">to the division of the entire volume. It explains what each part is about and</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">provides a brief summary of the papers included in each part. The introduction</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">ends with a closing remark that points out that the papers in this volume are</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">concerned with providing explanations for structural patterns. Arabic data have</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">played a clear role in encouraging researchers to include statistical</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">regularities in language models. The editors also pinpoint that the chapters</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">included rely on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for transcription.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Part I discusses phonetics and phonology. The large number of gutturals, the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">presence of emphatic consonants and the wide variety of syllable types are all</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">features that have aroused the attention of those working in the field of Arabic</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">linguistics. This part comprises four papers. The first one is entitled</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">''Empirical Evidence: Stress as a perceptual unit in Cairene spoken Arabic,'' by</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Rajaa Aquil. The author probes into speech processing and how listeners</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">recognize continuous spoken words, with special emphasis on Cairene Arabic (CA).</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The researcher depends on the word spotting technique to assess the rule of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">prosody in word segmentation. One hundred and nine subjects were tested</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">individually to hear nonsense words, in which real CA words were embedded, and</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">to repeat the words they could hear aloud. The paper examines three different</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">prosodic contexts: 1. Unstressed syllable followed by super heavy stressed</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">syllable; 2. Heavy stressed syllable followed by heavy unstressed syllable; 3.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Heavy but unstressed syllable followed by a light then a super heavy stressed</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">syllable. The researcher concludes that words are spotted faster in initial</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">stress contexts than in final stress contexts, which proves the hypothesis that</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Arabic is a stress-timed language.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">"Regressive voicing assimilation in Cairene Arabic," by Rawiah S. Kabrah, is the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">second contribution in this part. Kabrah investigates voicing in CA, reaching</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">the conclusion that both word-initial and word-final assimilation can be</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">detected in this variety. This supports the following two positional</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">constraints: "Correspondent input and output word-final obstruents must have the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">same specification for voice" (Petrova, Rosemary, Ringen, & Szentgyorgyi, 2006,</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">p. 10); and 'obstruent clusters should agree in voicing' (p. 32).</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The third paper in this part is entitled ''The phonology-syntax interface:</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Phrasal syncope in Makkan Arabic,'' by Mahasen Hasan Abu-Mansour. The paper</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">investigates syncope, defined as ''the deletion of unstressed short vowels from</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">open syllables'' (p. 36), and pinpoints some of the generalizations about Makkan</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Arabic. Abu-Mansour concludes that the same constraints produce word-level and</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">phrasal syncope and that Makkan Arabic is among the languages that exhibit</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">right-edge effects.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Dina El Zarka's contribution, ''Leading, linking, and closing tones and tunes in</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Egyptian Arabic- what a simple intonation system tells us about the nature of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">intonation,'' is the last paper in this part. The researcher depends on an</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">autosegmental framework to analyze the structure of the intonation system of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Egyptian Arabic. The paper considers primary intonation units as meaningful</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">configurations. El Zarka concludes that there are three tonal types and that</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">each of them achieves a pragmatic purpose. To articulate the topic of an</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">utterance, speakers rely on a rising contour. To emphasize focal parts of an</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">utterance, a falling contour is manipulated. Finally, given material is</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">expressed in a neutral tone. In a closing remark, the researcher points out that</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">the intonation system of Arabic requires further investigation.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The second part of the book is entitled ''Morphology & syntax.'' It contains five</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">papers dealing with a wide range of issues such as subject-verb agreement,</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">comparative adjectives, case, and the structure of complementizers. The first</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">paper in this part, ''Arabic agree, silent pronouns, and reciprocals,'' is</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">contributed by Abdelkader Fassi Fehri. The paper asserts that subject verb</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">agreement is not a phonological form (PF) phenomenon, but rather a logical form</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">(LF) one. Other phenomena, such as subject pronoun deficiency and reciprocal</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">distinctions, can be accounted for semantically rather than formally.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Tommi Leung, in ''Mood feature as case licenser in Modern Standard Arabic,''</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">investigates complementizers and their case-assigning capacity. The paper</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">focuses on three observations: Ɂinna and her sisters (defined as "a class of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">connectives that functions as the subordinating or coordinating conjunctions"</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">(p.139)); pronoun clitics; and mood-case correspondence. Leung concludes that</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">unlike English, structural case assignment in Arabic stems from the formal</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">features of complementizers.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The nature of comparative structures in Arabic is the focus of Yaron McNabb and</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Christopher Kennedy's contribution, ''Extraction and deletion in Palestinian</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Arabic comparatives.'' The researchers investigate the complementizers used in</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">comparative structures, namely 'ma' and 'illi,' especially in Palestinian</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Arabic. The paper illustrates that 'illi' necessitates the presence of a</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">resumptive pronoun while 'ma' does not. Finally, the contribution asserts the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">difference in the distribution of quality and quantity adjectives in comparative</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">structures.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The fourth paper in this part, ''The verb kan 'be' in Moroccan Arabic,'' by Nizha</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Chatar-Moumni, probes into the nature of the Arabic verb 'kan' and clarifies</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">that it should not be treated as a copula, but rather as a connective verb. The</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">author concludes that although the verb exhibits some of the features of an</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">auxiliary verb, it is not classified as such. Through specific examples, the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">authors show that 'kan' is a bivalent existence-verb governing two arguments,</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">the second of which can be a verbal phrase.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The last paper in this part, ''Against the split-CP hypothesis: Evidence from</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Iraqi Arabic,'' is contributed by Murtadha J. Bakir. The researcher examines the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">structural status of complementizers in relation to Rizzi's (1997) split-C</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">hypothesis through an analysis of data from Iraqi Arabic. The paper concludes</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">that Rizzi's hypothesis may not be universal, as some languages like Iraqi</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Arabic exhibit free order and interability of dislocated elements.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Part III is entitled ''Language acquisition, learning & contact.'' It is comprised</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">of four papers tackling language acquisition in Arabic-language speaking</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">communities from different perspectives. This area of study has attracted much</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">attention from researchers due to the wide spread of diglossia in Arab counties,</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">as the colloquial language is clearly distinct from the written variety. This</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">distinction affects language processing, acquisition, production, and loanword</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">adaptation. The purpose of this part is to rediscover the diglossic nature of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Arab communities within a linguistic framework.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The first paper in this part is ''Probability matching in Arabic and Romance</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">morphology,'' by Mary Ann Walter. The paper probes into loanwords and their</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">morphology, as well as how these words are pluralized. The researcher relies on</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">a corpus of loanwords from Arabic to Romance languages, and vice versa, to</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">investigate how adults and children assign grammatical gender to loanwords.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Adults tend to match per-existing percentages (of the borrowing language) of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">morphological variables in the lexicon, which contrasts with the behavior of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">children, who tend to over-regularize by relying on what the author calls a</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">'morphological default' (p. 205).</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Eman Saadah's paper, ''Gender differences in VOT production of Arabic/ English</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">bilingual children," represents the second contribution in this part. The paper</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">probes into voicing contrasts between English and Arabic, as well as the role of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">gender as a factor in distinguishing fine-grained phonetic/ phonological</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">features. This is done through two experiments. The first relies on six</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">bilingual children (three boys and three girls) and the second investigates the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">production of Voice Onset Time (VOT) for adult male and female Arabic speakers</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">(two males and two females). The researcher investigates the production of stop</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">consonants /p b t d k g/ vs. /b t d k/ in English and Arabic,</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">respectively, using VOT, defined as ''the acoustic cue used to measure the timing</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">of voicing'' (Chao & Chen, 2008, p. 216). It is used here to clarify how</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">bilinguals acquire two contrasting phonetic/phonological codes at the same time.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The paper concludes that boys have higher VOT values for their voiced stops than</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">girls do, whereas the opposite is true for VOT values for voiceless stops.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The third paper in this part, ''Phonological processing in diglossic Arabic: The</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">role of linguistic distance,'' by Elinor Saiegh-Haddad, assesses the impact of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">diglossia on children's language processing. The chapter focuses on the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">phonological distance between spoken Arabic and the linguistically related</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">variety, standard Arabic, in order to reveal how this distance affects</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">phonological processing in children on one level and literacy failure of Arabic</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">native speaking children on a deeper level. Saiegh-Haddad builds on her previous</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">experimental studies to prove that language acquisition is related to and</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">influenced by the context in which language is learned.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The last paper in this part and the book, ''Early acquisition of SVO and VSO word</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">orders in Palestinian Colloquial Arabic,'' is contributed by Reem Khamis-Dakwar.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The researcher builds upon the fact that Arabic has two distinct sentence</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">structures: Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) and Verb-Subject-Object (VSO). The paper</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">investigates children's acquisition of sentence structure through a repetition</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">task assigned to fifteen children whose ages range between 1:7 and 3:0. The</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">chapter concludes that children prefer VSO structures over SVO ones, though the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">latter are more frequent in adult language, which can be interpreted in terms of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">the late acquisition of Noun Phrase (NP) movements.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">EVALUATION</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">In the first part of this volume, the focus is explicitly on Cairene Arabic</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">(CA). However, only Aquil's paper stands out, as it gives an excellent account</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">of stress in Cairene Arabic based on empirical evidence, while the rest of the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">papers do not provide a clear account of the research methodology followed to</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">gather the data or reach the conclusion. Aquil provides a detailed account of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">the steps she followed to reach her conclusion and clarifies that she relies on</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">a set of 109 informants. Although Kabrah also points out her research</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">methodology, she neither provides clear reasons for using it nor explains it fully.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">The longest part of this volume is the second one, which focuses on morphology</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">and syntax. In spite of its length, this part lacks empirical evidence that</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">clarifies or supports all the theoretical information which the authors condense</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">in their papers. Though the authors of the papers included rely on examples to</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">clarify their point of view, the source of these examples is not mentioned</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">explicitly. The merit of this part is that it tackles different varieties of the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Arabic language: Modern Standard, Moroccan, Palestinian, and Iraqi. Leung's</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">contribution views mood in Modern Standard Arabic from a totally new</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">perspective. The paper brings into focus the case-assigning capacity of</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">complementizers in a distinct fashion from traditional views, which argue that</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">the case of a noun phrase (NP) is determined by its structural relation with a</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">case assigner. Similarly, McNabb & Kennedy provide a new explanation for some</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">structural violations in Palestinian Arabic. Their explanation goes beyond the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">tradition of interpreting structural violations in terms of syntax to argue</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">that, in some cases, structural violations can be interpreted as phonetic form</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">violations.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Part III is dedicated to language acquisition and is the richest part of the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">book. Unlike the rest of the book, most of the papers in this part not only</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">theorize about linguistic features, but also rely on empirical evidence. The</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">papers give detailed accounts of language processing, acquisition and</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">production, especially Walter's paper, the longest in the entire volume. Walter</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">gives a thorough analysis of probability matching in Arabic and compares it with</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Romance languages such as Spanish and Portuguese. It is quite rich with</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">examples, tables and graphs that illustrate the objectives of the author.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">All in all, the book is a must-read for those working on Arabic linguistics, as</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">it sheds light on various linguistic patterns and attempts to provide</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">explanations for many of them. It is not an introductory book, as it requires a</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">solid knowledge of several linguistic issues. In most of the papers the authors</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">do not give detailed definitions of the linguistic concepts discussed, which</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">makes it inappropriate for beginners. However, any researcher interested in the</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Arabic language, striving to understand it better, must have a copy of this volume.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">REFERENCES</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Chao, Kuan-Yi & Chen, Li-Mei (2008). A Cross-Linguistic Study of Voice Onset</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Time in Stop Consonant Productions. Computational Linguistics and Chinese</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Language ProcessingVol. 13, No. 2, June 2008, pp. 215-232.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Petrova, O., Rosemary, P., Ringen, C., & Szentgyorgyi, S. (2006). Voice and</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">aspiration: Evidence from Russian,Hungarian, German, Swedish, and Turkish. The</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Linguistic Review 23, pp. 1-35.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">ABOUT THE REVIEWER</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Inas Y. Mahfouz is an Assistant Professor of Language and Linguistics at</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">Ain Shams University. Her primary research interests include discourse</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">analysis, computational linguistics, and Systemic Functional Linguistics.</span><br style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif">
</div><div><span style="color:rgb(34,34,34);font-size:13.333333969116211px;font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div>--------------------------------------------------------------------------</div>
<div>End of Arabic-L: 08 Sep 2012</div></div>