<div dir="ltr">It is common for phonemes to be borrowed and spread due to areal influence, and I think it is likely that is what happened here: Haida innovated uvulars before Proto-Haida-Miwok unstressed vowels, due to the influence of Tlingit and its substantial inventory of uvular consonants. Before this happened, I propose that the phonological inventory of Proto-Haida-Miwok was substantially similar to that of Proto-Miwok. As for the historical split, my hypothesis is that Proto-Haida-Miwok split not only from Yokuts, but also even from Costanoan, before Haida split from Miwok. At the level of the core lexicon, Proto-Miwok is closer to Haida than it is to Costanoan.<div>
<br></div><div>Geoffrey Caveney</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Jul 25, 2013 at 7:00 AM, Ryan Denzer-King <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:johndillinger43@hotmail.com" target="_blank">johndillinger43@hotmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br>
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<div><div dir="ltr">I'm intrigued by this idea. But what is the implication? That Haida innovated uvulars before unstressed vowels? What would the phonological inventory of Proto-Haida-Utian look like (or Proto-Haida-Yok-Utian, depending on your assumption about the historical split)?<br>
<br><div><hr>Date: Wed, 24 Jul 2013 21:25:45 -0400<br>From: <a href="mailto:geoffreycaveney@GMAIL.COM" target="_blank">geoffreycaveney@GMAIL.COM</a><br>Subject: Re: Haida related to Miwok, not Na-Dene?<br>To: <a href="mailto:ATHAPBASCKAN-L@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">ATHAPBASCKAN-L@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a><div>
<div class="h5"><br><br><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">I have one more observation to add regarding the comparison of Haida to Proto-Miwok. Among the strongest lexical comparisons, the following rule holds:</span><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">
<br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">Where Proto-Miwok *k- occurs before a stressed vowel, Haida has a velar stop.</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">Where Proto-Miwok *k- occurs before an unstressed vowel, Haida has a uvular stop.<br>
</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><div><div><div><font color="#000000">Haida <i>tl'a</i><b style="font-style:italic">k'úl </b>'liver' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>k</b><strong lang="cs" style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif">ý</strong><b>l</b>la 'liver'</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000">Haida <i>s</i><b style="font-style:italic">kuj </b>'bone' ; Proto-Eastern Miwok *<b>k</b><strong lang="cs" style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif">ý</strong><span style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif"><b>č</b></span>(:)y<span style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif">č</span>- 'bone'</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000">Haida <i>-</i><b style="font-style:italic">gan </b>'my' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>kán</b>ni 'I'<br></font></div><div><font color="#000000">vs.</font></div></div><div>
<font color="#000000">Haida <i>hl</i><b style="font-style:italic">Gahl </b>'black' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>kul</b>... 'black'<br></font></div><div><font color="#000000">Haida <i style="font-weight:bold">Gáal </i>'night' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>kaw</b><strong lang="cs" style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif">ý</strong><b>:l</b> 'night'</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000">Haida <i>s<b>Gwáan</b>sang </i>'one' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>keng</b>:... 'one'</font></div></div><div>and perhaps also</div><div>Haida <i><b>qung</b></i> 'moon' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>kom</b>é- 'moon'</div>
<div>Haida <i style="font-weight:bold">q'ul</i><i><b>u:</b></i><i style="font-weight:bold"> </i>'knee' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>kol</b><b>ó</b> 'foot'</div><div><br></div><div>Geoffrey Caveney</div></div></div>
<div><br><br><div>On Wed, Jul 24, 2013 at 10:43 AM, Geoffrey Caveney <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:geoffreycaveney@gmail.com" target="_blank">geoffreycaveney@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote style="border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><span>Hello,</span><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">
<font color="#000000"><br></font></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">I recently shared some observations with the Haida language list, and I would like to share them with this list as well.</font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">
<font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">I am well aware of the long-standing controversy about whether Haida is related to the Na-Dene languages or not. I agree with the current standard position that it is not -- what is especially lacking in Haida - Na-Dene comparisons are any convincing sets of correspondences in the core lexical vocabulary. But that has made me curious: if Haida is not Na-Dene, then where did it come from?</font></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">Recently I have found a surprisingly substantial set of correspondences in the core lexical vocabulary between Haida and the Miwok language of the San Francisco Bay area in California. Miwok belongs to the Utian language family, and many linguists believe it is part of a broader family called Penutian, which some believe Tsimshianic belongs to as well. But I find a much stronger set of correspondences between the Haida and Miwok core lexicon, than I do between Haida and Tsimshian or any other Penutian language, or indeed between Utian and Tsimshianic.</font></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">A correspondence that caught my attention was that between a pair of the 1st person singular pronominal forms. There is the Haida form <i>díi</i>, and also the Haida morpheme <i>-gan </i>in the alienable possessive form <i>gyáagan </i>'my'. Southern Sierra Miwok has the 1st person singular suffixes <i>-nti-, -te-, </i>and <i>-kan </i>in different series that follow nominal themes. In fact <i>-nti- </i>and <i>-kan </i>occur in dialectal variation in Series 1. (See Broadbent 1964:43, online at <a href="http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/southern_sierra_miwok_language/page_43.html" target="_blank">http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/southern_sierra_miwok_language/page_43.html</a>.)</font></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">But it is a whole series of correspondences in the core lexical vocabulary that makes the most convincing case for Haida being related to Miwok. In particular, a substantial number of Haida forms with a uvular or velar stop in onset position correspond to Miwok forms with <i>k- </i>in onset position.</font></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">The Proto-Miwok and Proto-Eastern Miwok forms below are cited from the article "Comparative Miwok: A Preliminary Survey" by Broadbent and Callaghan in <i>IJAL </i>in 1960 (IJAL 26.4:301-316), which I thank Matt Faytak for bringing to my attention. </font><span>It should be noted that 4 of the 5 Miwok languages used in the reconstruction are Eastern Miwok, so in some cases such as 'bone' I believe the Proto-Eastern Miwok form is appropriate to use, as the Lake Miwok form may be irregular or not cognate at all.</span></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><div><div><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div><font color="#000000">Haida <i>tl'a</i><b style="font-style:italic">k'úl </b>'liver' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>kyl</b>la 'liver'</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000">Haida <i>s</i><b style="font-style:italic">kuj </b>'bone' ; Proto-Eastern Miwok *<b>ky</b><span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px"><b>č</b></span>(:)y<span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px">č</span>- 'bone'</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000">(Lake Miwok <i>kúlum </i>may or may not be related at all, so I don't believe it's necessary to restrict the comparison to the limited Proto-Miwok reconstruction *ky...)</font></div></div>
<div><font color="#000000">Haida <i>-</i><b style="font-style:italic">gan </b>'my' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>kán</b>ni 'I'<br></font></div><div><font color="#000000">Haida <i>hl</i><b style="font-style:italic">Gahl </b>'black' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>kul</b>... 'black'<br>
</font></div><div><font color="#000000">Haida <i style="font-weight:bold">Gáal </i>'night' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>kawy:l</b> 'night'</font></div><div><font color="#000000">Haida <i>s<b>Gwáan</b>sang </i>'one' ; Proto-Miwok *<b>keng</b>:... 'one'</font></div>
<div><span>S. Haida</span><span> </span><i><b>k'aw</b> </i><span>'cold' ; </span><span>Proto-Miwok *</span><b>ky(:)w</b><span>(e)... 'cold'</span><br>
</div><div><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div><font color="#000000">Another possible sound correspondence is Haida </font><span>/X-/ : </span><span>Proto-Miwok */</span><span style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif">š-</span><span>/:</span></div>
<div><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div><font color="#000000">Haida <i style="font-weight:bold">Xáng</i><i>ii</i><i style="font-weight:bold"> </i>'eye' ; Proto-Miwok *<span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px"><b>š</b></span><b>yn</b>t- 'eye'</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000">Haida <i style="font-weight:bold">Xahl</i><i>a</i><i style="font-weight:bold"> </i>'to be startled' ; Proto-Miwok *<span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px"><b>š</b></span><b>él</b>... 'to be afraid'</font></div>
<div><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div><font color="#000000">Regarding the lack (so far) of other regular sound correspondences, it is worth noting that in Haida forms with initial velar and uvular consonants make up such a large portion of the core lexicon (I count as many as 63 of them out of the 100 terms on the basic Swadesh list) that it is going to be difficult to find any numerous examples of correspondences with other Haida sounds. The best bet is Haida /d-/ and /t-/ with Miwok /t-/, a correspondence set I am still working on.</font></div>
</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">It is curious to find so many lexical correspondences but not very many grammatical correspondences between Haida and Miwok. But borrowing is not a likely explanation given the geographical distance and lack of evidence of any contact between the two peoples. Also, I find by far the greatest amount of Haida-Miwok correspondences in the core lexicon and rather fewer correspondences in the rest of the lexicon, which points to a genetic relationship rather than borrowing.</font></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">Between Haida and Na-Dene, on the other hand, one finds more structural and typological parallels but not lexical correspondences. Perhaps there is a clue here about the history of Haida: the people could have been speakers of a Miwokan language who migrated to the Haida Gwaii islands thousands of years ago, where the population of the area spoke Tlingit or a related language. The Haida language retained its core Miwok lexicon but adopted many structural features of Tlingit/Na-Dene. Of course there must have been lexical borrowings from Tlingit, Tsimshian, and other neighboring languages as well.</font></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">The fact that the Haida people, as I understand, were a nation renowned for their prowess as seafaring warriors, is consistent with this hypothesis. If their origins were from the Miwoks of the San Francisco Bay area, they would have had to be highly skilled seafarers to migrate all the way from there to the Haida Gwaii. And to conquer and settle their new territory, they would have had to be successful warriors.</font></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">By the way, if Haida does prove to be genetically related to Miwok, it would show how spurious were all the arguments of Greenberg and Ruhlen insisting for decades that Haida is related to Na-Dene. The crude division Greenberg made in his hypothesis of language relationships in the Americas was to distinguish Eskimo-Aleut and Na-Dene from everything else, which he called Amerind. If Haida is related to Miwok, even that crude division will be wrong.</font></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">If Haida is related to Miwok, a natural question to ask is where it fits in with the other languages Miwok is related to: </font>Miwok and Costanoan are definitely related in the Utian language family, and Yokuts is likely related, but more distantly, in the Yok-Utian family.</div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><div><br></div><div>The evidence I am finding shows substantially more comparisons between Haida and Miwok than between Haida and Costanoan. My tentative hypothesis right now is that, surprisingly, Miwok and Haida are even more closely related than Miwok and Costanoan are. Of course the amount of borrowing in Haida would obscure the closeness of its relation with Miwok. But when it comes to the very basic core lexicon of the 50 or so terms most resistant to substitution, I find the Miwok-Haida connection is closer than the Miwok-Costanoan connection, especially when the possibility of Miwok-Costanoan borrowing and areal influence is accounted for.</div>
<div><br></div><div><span>I would be very interested to hear the thoughts and comments of Athapbasckan language list readers about these observations.</span><span><font color="#888888"><br></font></span></div>
</div><span><font color="#888888"><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">
<font color="#000000"><br></font></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">Geoffrey Caveney</font></div></font></span></div>
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