<div dir="ltr">I posted previously on this list about the correspondence in core lexicon items between Haida initial velar stops and Proto-Miwok initial *k- before a stressed vowel ('liver', 'bone', 'I/my'), and between Haida initial uvular stops and Proto-Miwok initial *k- before an unstressed vowel ('black', 'night', 'one').<div>
<br></div><div>I have found another striking sound correspondence between Haida and Proto-Miwok: Haida initial /q'-/ corresponds to Proto-Miwok initial /*t.-/. The Miwok languages have two distinct /t/ phonemes, and the dot after the t indicates the alveolar /t./ as opposed to the dental /t/. (In the standard orthography the dot is below the t, which is difficult to reproduce in computer typing.) I think it is plausible that the Proto-Miwok dental *t- corresponds to Haida d- and t- while the Proto-Miwok alveolar *t.- could correspond to Haida q'-.</div>
<div><br></div><div>Initial /*t-/ is relatively rare among Proto-Miwok and Proto-Eastern Miwok forms, with only 15 such forms reconstructed in Broadbent and Callaghan's definitive 1960 article, and initial alveolar /*t.-/ is even rarer, appearing only as an alternative phoneme in 2 such forms. But for both of these forms there is a corresponding Haida form with initial /q'-/:</div>
<div><br></div><div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><font color="#000000">Proto-Eastern Miwok *<b>t/<a href="http://t.is">t.is</a></b>í:nay- 'ant'</font><div class="im"><font color="#000000">Haida <i>qaj <b>q'iis</b>dang</i> 'ant'</font><br>
</div></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><div>Proto-Miwok *<b>t/t.yy</b>... 'to rest'<br></div><div>Haida <b><i>q'a</i></b> 'sleep'</div>
<div><br></div><div>Further, there are several other comparisons for which the Sierra Miwok languages have initial alveolar /t.-/ and Haida has initial /q'-/:</div><div><br></div><div><div>Proto-Eastern Miwok *<b>tál</b>ka- 'skin'</div>
<div>Central Sierra Miwok <font color="#000000"><i><b>t.ál</b>ka- </i>'skin'</font></div><div>Southern Sierra Miwok<span style="color:rgb(80,0,80);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px"> </span><font color="#000000"><i style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px"><b>t.ol</b>la </i><span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px">'skin'</span></font></div>
<div>Haida <b><i>q'ál</i></b> 'skin' </div></div></div></div><div><br><div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">Proto-Miwok *<b>ty</b>... 'to shoot' </div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">
Central Sierra Miwok <i><b>t.</b></i><span lang="cs" style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif"><i><b>ý</b>kky- </i>'to shoot'</span></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">Lake Miwok <b style="font-style:italic">túw-en </b>'to shoot' (with dental /t/ but the rest of the form corresponds closely to the Haida form)<br>
</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">Haida <i><b>q'wáa</b>n- </i>'to fire at'</div></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><br></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px">
<span lang="cs" style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif">Proto-Sierra Miwok *<b>t.o</b></span><span style="line-height:19.1875px;font-family:sans-serif"><b>ʔ</b></span><span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px">-nge- 'to sit down'</span><br>
</div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px">Haida </span><i style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px"><b>q'aw</b>a </i><span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px">'sit'</span><span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px"><br>
</span></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px"><br></span></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px">Finally there are a couple more comparisons where the Miwok forms have only dental /t-/ but they otherwise appear to correspond well to Haida forms with /q'-/:</span></div>
<div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><span style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.1875px"><br></span></div><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px"><div><div>Proto-Eastern Miwok *<b>tukú</b>:n- 'salmon'</div>
<div>Haida <i style="font-weight:bold">q'áagw </i>'freshwater sockeye salmon'</div></div><div><br></div><div>Proto-Miwok *<b>túmay</b> 'stick'</div><div>Haida <i style="font-weight:bold">q'awáay </i>'plank, board, lumber'</div>
<div><br></div><div>It is striking that in all of these comparisons the Haida forms have the specific phoneme /q'-/, the uvular ejective stop, not just any uvular stop. With such a small number of Proto-Miwok forms with initial alveolar /*t.-/, the probability of such a significant number of them corresponding to Haida forms with initial /q'-/ by chance coincidence must be extremely small.</div>
<div><br></div><div>Geoffrey Caveney</div></div><div><br></div></div></div>