<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Dear Jin Yi,<div class=""> Most people think of code-switching in terms of the selection of both lexemes and syntax from different languages. You are saying that SCE uses pretty much exclusively English lexemes, but with a different syntax. In that regard. In one of your examples, the adverb is placed at the end of the clase. Actually, this is grammatical in American English, although it is a marked form. The other example involves deletion of the modal. Modal deletion is common in children and also crops up to AVE (Aftrican-American Vernacular English). Omission is easy to mark in CHAT with 0will. More generally, the coding of varieties of English such as AVE, Indian English, SCE and others can require additional markings and additional lexical items. For example, for British English, we have a fairly large number of additional words not found in the States in a file called 0uk.cut in the MOR lexicon. </div><div class=""> I don't see the examples you cite as comparable with the type of code-switching we find in corpora such as the the Bangor Miami corpus at <a href="https://biling.talkbank.org/access/Bangor/Miami.html" class="">https://biling.talkbank.org/access/Bangor/Miami.html</a>. However, it is easy enough in CHAT to simply add a postcode such as [+ swi] to any utterance that you judge to have code-switching. And you can also include comments regarding your syntactic analysis on a %com line.</div><div class=""> <div class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;">-- Brian MacWhinney, Teresa Heinz Professor of Cognitive Psychology, LTI and Modern Languages, CMU</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Feb 7, 2019, at 11:42 PM, <a href="mailto:whenyouonlyhaveone@gmail.com" class="">whenyouonlyhaveone@gmail.com</a> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">Hello,</p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">My name is Wong Jin Yi and I am a research assistant based in Singapore. I am under a linguistics lab run by Suzy Styles and Luca Onnis of Nanyang Technological University. </p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">I am currently trying to prepare some transcripts for uploading into CHILDES. The transcripts are being coded via CHAT. However, I have realised that the transcription convention of CHAT doesn't allow me to code codeswitching on any level above the individual word.<span class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">This convention is not going to work for Singaporean Colloquial English, because Singaporean Colloquial English (henceforth known as SCE) is a creole which makes use of english as its lexifier language and has much of its grammatical and syntactic structures derived from Chinese Languages/Malay languages. As a result of this, using CHAT's existing coding convention for codeswitching would not be able to code for SCE, because the words being used are clearly English in origin, and one would only be able to grasp the difference if the entire phrase is being marked. </p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">For example, here is a sample of a phrase in SCE and how it would be marked under the current conventions. </p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">*MOT:<span class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>and no i've got eight, and now i've got seven only!</p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">In this example, SCE sentence structure is apparent in the unusual way in which only is used at the end of the clause instead of the beginning, as it would be in standard English. By CHAT convention, one would mark the word "only" with @s:sce, however, that would lose the essence of what sce is entirely, notwithstanding the fact that the word "only" is undoubtedly an English lexical form. </p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">*MOT:<span class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>sit down.</p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">*MOT:<span class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>aurelia sit down, <mama read to you@s:sce> [x 1] come.</p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">The above fragment also gives an example of SCE speech patterns, in this case the non-usage of the future marking article <will>, which would usually be used in standard English. Again, in this case, it is unclear how it would be possible to mark it as codeswitching according to CHAT conventions, since all the words used are undoubtedly standard English words. </p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">Currently, going with CHAT convention, the best way I have found to note these instances is as follows:</p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">*MOT:<span class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span>aurelia sit down, <mama read to you@s:sce> [x 1] come.</p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">This is the best way I have found that gets past the Check function i.e. doesn’t give me an error message when I run Check. However, I’m not sure regarding how well this format allows me to run a variety of commands in CLAN using this transcript. Would anyone who has encountered similar problems previously be able to advise me on this? I have tried ELAN, but that is also not ideal, considering that i will have to manually code the timings on each utterance before conversion.<span class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">As a result of the above problem, I would like to ask, if it is possible, to include a means in CHAT that can more clearly show codeswitching at a phrasal level<span class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-s1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: ".PingFang SC";">？</span>This would be very helpful in our understanding of how language mixing occurs in Singapore.<span class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-Apple-converted-space"> The solving of this problem would also be likely to contribute to the using of CHAT to code for creoles, especially those that use a known lexifier. I believe this would definitely help in research of creole languages. </span></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">In addition, would anyone be able to recommend a means to add Singapore Colloquial English as a codable language in the CLAN metadata? This would also be greatly helpful in our efforts to code our transcripts.<span class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">Thank you very much, and I hope to hear from you all soon! :)<span class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p2" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); min-height: 14px;"><br class=""></p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">Regards</p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">Wong Jin Yi</p><p class="m_8325881634094872114gmail-p1" style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">LEAP Lab</p></div><div class=""><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div>
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