<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Dear Janet,<div class=""><br class=""><div class=""> For computational analysis two most difficult aspects of English grammar are phrasal verbs and the distinction between auxiliaries and the copula. The problem with phrasal verbs is that the particle or preposition is often separated from the verb. I agree that the solution you propose of marking the verb and its particle together is not a bad one. In that case, the object of the preposition in a sentence such as "He calmed_down the crowd" will be interpreted as a direct object which is also not that bad. Some of these combinations, such as chill_out, don't take objects and many allow for omission of the "object". </div><div class=""> So, if your goal is to get a nice dependency graph this could work well. However, if your goal is to calculate MLU, then joining the particle with the verb would warp that computation. </div><div class=""> By the way, the combinations you found in n+v+prep.cut are not verbs, but nouns, as in "he is a burnout". This is a different pattern.</div><div class=""> In general, dealing with English verb+particle constructions is not an easy problem to solve. I'm working now on the similar problem in Chinese which has remarkably similar issues, including the verb separation pattern.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">-- Brian MacWhinney<br class=""><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Apr 20, 2020, at 2:27 PM, Janet Y Bang <<a href="mailto:jbang@stanford.edu" class="">jbang@stanford.edu</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class="">Hello, <div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">We have a question about linkages/compounds. We have been transcribing samples of LENA recordings in English (caregiver-child interactions with 2-year-old children) and we have compiled a list now of different phrasal verbs in transcripts. We defined phrasal verbs as units of "verb + adverb or preposition" where the meaning is attributed to the unit more than the meaning of each individual word. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Our main interests for now are to collect measures of tokens, types (lemma), and MLUw (not morphemes) of caregiver and child speech. Determining the linkages are important for our measure of types, since we will be collapsing across word families with the lemmas. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I noticed in the English MOR the n+v+prep.cut file has some phrasal verbs (e.g., dress up), but I wanted to check if there was some school of thought on how they should be treated? There are always situational issues we've come across with these. For example, in the case of particle verbs, sometimes these are transitive, so we weren't sure on how these should/would be transcribed (e.g., clean up your toys vs. clean that up). Also, it's not always clear from the usage if it is following our definition of "meaning is attributed to the unit more than the meaning of each individual word".</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">We were thinking of the following solutions: </div><div class="">1. Link all phrasal verbs only when the key words are combined next to each other (e.g., clean up)</div><div class="">2. Link all phrasal verbs. In the case of transitive particle verbs, link those variations as well and count these all towards their respective 'particle verb family' (e.g., "clean that up" would be counted towards a type of "clean up")</div><div class="">3. Do not link any phrasal verbs (e.g., for "clean up", this would separated into the type "clean" and the type "up"). </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><table dir="ltr" style="table-layout: fixed; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none;" class=""><colgroup class=""><col width="165" class=""></colgroup><tbody class=""><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">ate_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">back_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">calm_down</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">catch_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">chill_out</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">clean_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">come_back</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">come_here</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">come_on</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">come_out</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">come_over</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">drank_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">dress_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">get_down</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">get_out</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">get_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">giddy_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">go_ahead</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">go_on</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">hang_on</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">here_we_go</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">here_you_go</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">hold_on</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">hold_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">hurry_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">lay_down</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">let_go</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">light_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">lights_out</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">make_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">pick_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">pull_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">slow_down</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">stand_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">stay_out</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">take_care</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">throw_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">wake_up</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">watch_it</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">watch_out</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">work_out</td></tr><tr style="height: 21px;" class=""><td style="overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 3px; vertical-align: bottom; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204);" class="">zoom_in</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Any thoughts would be much appreciated!</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Janet</div><div class=""></div><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; 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Bang, Ph.D.</span></div><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class=""></span><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Postdoctoral Fellow</span></div><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class=""></span><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Department of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Psychology</span></div><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class=""></span><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class="">Stanford University</span></div><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class=""></span><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><br class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class=""></span></div><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class=""></span><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class=""><a href="mailto:jbang@stanford.edu" class="">jbang@stanford.edu</a></span></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; 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