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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>Hi,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>There are a couple of things to be aware of in what you’re doing
here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>First, you are not interpreting the outcome of the test appropriately
when you say<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>>></span> the difference between the two variables (Double
Object and To Dative) is significant<span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#002060'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>Actually that’s not what you’ve shown. Rather, the test shows
that <b>there is sufficient evidence to reject the hypothesis that there is no
difference among the different genres in your table in terms of their distribution
of Double Obj and To-Dative across ditransitives.</b> That’s not the same thing!
Plus, showing that the null hypothesis can be rejected, and going from that to
a meaningful interpretation that tells you something about what you are trying
to investigate, are two separate things, for reasons outlined in Adam’s paper.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>If you are actually trying to test whether or not there is a
difference between the frequency of D.O and to-dative, then there is no reason
to test this on a table with frequencies broken down by genre. Indeed, if the
only thing you’re interested in is the difference between (total n. Double
Object) and (total n. to-Dative), then chi-square and related tests are very
likely not what you want.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>Moving along, you have applied chi-quare to a table with very
low frequencies – this is generally considered a Bad Idea; the usual rule of
thumb is that with expected frequencies less than 5, chi-squared is to be
avoided. But you have about a dozen rows with row-totals less than 10, so it is
very likely that you have quite a few cells with expected frequencies less than
5 (I’ve not done the sums but e.g. the expected values for ALT, MNU, must
obviously be less than 5). If you really want to test this table, you probably need
the Fisher Exact test.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>Finally,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>>></span> I applied the test on normalized frequencies
(which were calculated by dividing the frequency of each genre with the number
of words it has, and the multiplying it with 100,000 i.e. .1 million) but the
chisquare result was same (same p-value).<span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#002060'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>Chi-square (and similar) <i>does not work with normalised
frequencies</i> – although you will occasionally this error in the published
literature, alas! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>Remember what you’re looking at is whether there is enough
evidence to reject the null hypothesis. But normalised frequencies are designed
to <i>conceal</i> how much evidence there is by putting all frequencies on the
same basis. Normalised frequencies conserve ratios, but ratios are not the same
thing as amount of evidence. For instance, you’d be a lot more impressed if I
said A was 3x more common than B if the underlying figures were 9,000 and
3,000, rather than if they were 90 and 30. Using normalised frequencies in a chi-square
test is equivalent to me lying to you about the actual numbers underlying my
three-times-more-common claim. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>In particular, if you use words-per-million on any figures that
come from a less-than-1 million word corpus, then you are over-claiming (to the
test, and to anyone who reads the result of the test) how much evidence you
have. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>(You can demonstrate this quite easily using any of the online
chi-square calculators: stick in any four numbers and get the chi-square, then redo
with an extra 0 on the end of each number. You’ll find the chi-square that results
is much higher (lower p) – but those two sets of figures are directly
equivalent in terms of normalised frequencies).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>Quite apart from that, for purposes where normalised frequencies
are appropiate, you should consider whether N words is a suitable basis for normalisation,
as opposed to (say) total N ditransitives in either form.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>best<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'>Andrew.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:#002060'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> corpora-bounces@uib.no
[mailto:corpora-bounces@uib.no] <b>On Behalf Of </b>True Friend<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 28 June 2010 05:26<br>
<b>To:</b> corpora<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Corpora-List] Help in Applying Appropriate Statistical Test
andIts Interpretation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal>Good Day to All Copora Members<br>
I am a masters in applied linguistics student, currently working on my thesis.
The topic of research is the use of ditransitive constructions. To authenticate
the results I want to apply statistical techniques on the research. For example
I am trying to see whether there is a significant difference in the usage of
two alternative ditransitive patterns in PWE (Pakistani Written English, the
corpus I am working on for the research). The alternative ditransitive patterns
here mean Double Object (He gave me a pen) and To Dative (He gave a pen to me).
I am pasting the table here, which contains genre names and frequencies of all
verbs (used ditransitively) in that genre.<br clear=all>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=192
style='width:144.0pt;border-collapse:collapse'>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>Genre<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>D. Object<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td width=64 style='width:48.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>To Dative<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>ALT<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>4<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>ART<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>210<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>344<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>BKS<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>335<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>308<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>BLT<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>2<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>BRU<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>4<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>2<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>CLM<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>108<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>303<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>CST<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>DIR<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>1<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>EDT<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>8<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>32<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>FTW<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>14<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>INT<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>38<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>44<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>LDS<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>53<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>LTR<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>35<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>92<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>MGP<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>2<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>MNF<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>3<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>6<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>MNU<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>1<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>NLT<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>23<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>NVL<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>5<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>3<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>NWS<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>24<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>108<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>OLT<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>44<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>9<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>PLC<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>1<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>PRS<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>11<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>22<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>RPR<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>19<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>60<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>RPT<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>4<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>17<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>SRY<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>0<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>7<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>STR<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>76<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>36<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>THS<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>20<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>36<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>TRN<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>30<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>19<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style='height:15.0pt'>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal>WWW<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>16<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:15.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'>30<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal>Some facts about the data are as follows:<br>
Genre are not of equal in length (number of words) so there may be a genre like
ALT of a few hundred words, and another like ART of .5 million words.<br>
Frequencies here are calculated by adding the occurrences of all the verbs
occurred in the given genre in a given pattern.<br>
I have applied Chi Square test using R and with this command "cxx =
chisq.test(x, correct = FALSE)" (while 'x' and 'cxx' are R objects) and
the result was as follows.<br>
Pearson's Chi-squared test<br>
<br>
data: x <br>
X-squared = 268.2688, df = 28, p-value < 2.2e-16<br>
<br>
Going through the help manuals of R, I came to know that p-value
'2.2e-16' is a too much small number, so it means that the difference between
the two variables (Double Object and To Dative) is significant, as p-value for
social sciences is considered p<0.005. Please correct me if I am
misunderstanding the test, its results or applying it incorrectly. And if this
test is not suitable for such kind of analysis, and alternatively which kind of
test should I apply. And last one last thing, I applied the test on normalized
frequencies (which were calculated by dividing the frequency of each genre with
the number of words it has, and the multiplying it with 100,000 i.e. .1
million) but the chisquare result was same (same p-value).<br>
Any help and comments would be highly appreciated.<br>
Best Regards <br>
<br>
-- <br>
Muhammad Shakir Aziz محمد شاکر عزیز<br>
Masters in Applied Linguistics (last semester student)<br>
Translator, Course Developer, Linguist for Urdu, Punjabi and English<br>
Urdu:- <a href="http://awaz-e-dost.blogspot.com/">http://awaz-e-dost.blogspot.com/</a><br>
English:- <a href="http://linguisticslearner.blogspot.com/">http://linguisticslearner.blogspot.com/</a><br>
Facebook:- <a href="http://www.facebook.com/truefriend2004">http://www.facebook.com/truefriend2004</a><br>
Skype:- true_friend2004<o:p></o:p></p>
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