<div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">"Indeed, our pure sensory concepts are not based on images of objects,</span><br style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">
<span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">but on schemata. For the concept of a triangle in general, no image</span><br style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">
<span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">could ever be adequate. It would never attain the generality of the</span><br style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">
<span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">concept, which applies to all triangles...</span><br style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">The concept Dog signifies a rule according to which my imagination</span><br style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">
<span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">can construct the figure of a four-footed animal in general, without</span><br style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">
<span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">being restricted to any particular image supplied by experience or to</span><br style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">
<span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">any possible image I may draw _in concreto_. (A:141, B:180)"</span><br><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px"><br>
</span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12.666666984558105px">I don't quite catch what 'pure sensory concepts' could be. I'm sure I'm missing something here, but it sounds close to an oxymoron. That aside, if the notion of schema is to dissolve or avoid the problem that 'no image could ever be adequate' to capturing all cases/instances of triangles, then I'm not sure schema can do better as long as schema are tethered to 'rules' for matching schema to specific cases. Seems to me both (schema and images) under such a construal run afoul of Wittgenstein's critique of rule following and the infinite regress entailed.</span></div>
</div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sat, Jul 5, 2014 at 2:11 AM, John F Sowa <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:sowa@bestweb.net" target="_blank">sowa@bestweb.net</a>></span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div class="">On 7/3/2014 7:10 AM, Patrick Hanks wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
The hypothesis I wish to propose is this:<br>
<br>
Humans are hard-wired to notice and register comparatively novel or<br>
unusual events (including their first -- potentially prototypical --<br>
exposure to an unfamiliar word or phrase) and to store stereotypical<br>
repetitions of familiar events (such as ordinary everyday usage) deep<br>
in the subconscious, not easily accessible for conscious recall.<br>
</blockquote>
<br></div>
A closely related term is 'schema'. The following definition is based<br>
on its use in logic from Aristotle to the present:<br>
<br>
>>From <a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schema/" target="_blank">http://plato.stanford.edu/<u></u>entries/schema/</a><br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
A schema (plural: schemata, or schemas), also known as a scheme<br>
(plural: schemes), is a linguistic template or pattern together with<br>
a rule for using it to specify a potentially infinite multitude of<br>
phrases, sentences, or arguments, which are called instances of the schema.<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
Kant (1787) had a strong influence on all branches of cognitive science:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
Indeed, our pure sensory concepts are not based on images of objects,<br>
but on schemata. For the concept of a triangle in general, no image<br>
could ever be adequate. It would never attain the generality of the<br>
concept, which applies to all triangles...<br>
The concept Dog signifies a rule according to which my imagination<br>
can construct the figure of a four-footed animal in general, without<br>
being restricted to any particular image supplied by experience or to<br>
any possible image I may draw _in concreto_. (A:141, B:180)<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
Otto Selz was a psychologist who was strongly influenced by Kant.<br>
As a replacement for the loose associationist theories, Selz proposed<br>
_schematic anticipation_ as a pattern-directed method for guiding<br>
search toward a goal represented by a schema. Adriaan de Groot applied<br>
Selz's methods to the analysis of chess playing. Herb Simon invited<br>
de Groot to CMU, where he had a strong influence on AI research.<br>
(Google the word 'schema' and the names Selz, de Groot, Simon...)<br>
<br>
Bartlett (1932) influenced Neisser (1967), Minsky (1974)...<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
A schema is ... an active organization of past reactions, or of past<br>
experiences, which must always be supposed to be operating in any<br>
well-adapted organic response.<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
Piaget (1970)<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
Whatever is repeatable and generalizable in an action is what I<br>
have called a schema.<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
Rumelhart, see <a href="http://biolawgy.wordpress.com/2010/02/11/rumelhart-d-e-1980-schemata-the-building-blocks-of-cognition-in-r-j-spiro-etal-eds-theoretical-issues-in-reading-comprehension-hillsdale-nj-lawrence-erlbaum/" target="_blank">http://biolawgy.wordpress.com/<u></u>2010/02/11/rumelhart-d-e-1980-<u></u>schemata-the-building-blocks-<u></u>of-cognition-in-r-j-spiro-<u></u>etal-eds-theoretical-issues-<u></u>in-reading-comprehension-<u></u>hillsdale-nj-lawrence-erlbaum/</a><br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
Schemata are the building blocks of cognition. They are the fundamental<br>
elements upon which all information processing depends. Schemata are<br>
employed in the process of interpreting sensory data (both linguistic<br>
and non-linguistic), in retrieving information from memory, in<br>
organizing actions, in determining goals and sub-goals, in allocating<br>
resources, and, generally, in guiding the flow of processing in the system.<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
John<br>
<br>
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</blockquote></div><br></div>