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<P>Dear colleagues,<BR><BR>Below and as an attached file are some reflections on
the the events of 11 September 2001. It is possible that some of our American
colleagues will not concur with some of the remarks. I want to assure them,
however, of our sincere sympathy and ask them to enter into dialogue. This is a
Critical Discourse Moment, if ever there was one. It seems to me that only a
radical critique, and transformation, of the discourse environment in
which powerful states operate will resolve issues of international security and
conflict.<BR><BR>Paul
Chilton<BR><BR><BR>**********************************************************************************************<BR>Notes
on 11 September 2001<BR><BR>1 To my American
friends. I can only guess how you as Americans are feeling after yesterday. We
as mere spectators are shocked to a degree and can only send sympathy. But also
we feel concern for the world. How will the President and the State Department
respond?<BR><BR>2 It is almost trivial to
speak of discourse analysis in the circumstances. But remember--what happens
next will be the outcome of talk and text (cabinet meetings, public statements,
media representations, individual utterances…), and the text and talk will be
governed by cognitive and interactive habits. Under stress pre-wired patterns of
thought come into their own. Policies and the orders to execute them are
linguistic acts with psychological, social and ethical underpinings. These we
can at least try to be aware of as potential impediments to just and effective
response.<BR><BR>2.1 Context<BR>Commentators have expressed surprise that US
intelligence did not foresee the attack. Why not? The intifada has been raging,
Palestinian anger mounting, and American policy in the Middle East increasingly
criticised. Iraq is bombed almost daily by British and American planes. The
extent to which the US is perceived as a regional and global perpetrator of
economic and political injustice is simply ignored. One does not have to defend
inhuman actions, one certainly does not need to claim the Palestinians are the
perpetrators, to make the point that numerous groups around the world, but
particularly in the Middle East, are being handed the materials to concoct their
own scripts of self-legitimation.<BR><BR>Consider too the conjuncture with the
promotion of national missile defense. The disavowed word "national" is used
advisedly here--national in motive and intention it surely is. The perceived
aim--to construct an impenetrable protective shell around the continental United
States. The perceived motive--to have a free hand for American action
world-wide.<BR><BR>An d consider the reach of globalization, which is perceived
as sheer americanisation. The pivots are money military might and money,
symbolised by the Pentangle and the twin Towers of the center of world
trade.<BR><BR>Ignoring these largely semiotic facts makes the "intelligence"
gathered irrelevant. Actually, semiotics is just a fancy term for sensible
humane political intelligence and understanding.<BR><BR>2.2 More context<BR>How
do American policymakers now make sense of the crisis? The context of
conceptualisation has clear historical components. Some of these are being
invoked overtly, others surely are covertly present in a historical chain of
text and talk.<BR><BR>Strikes at the American symbolic heartland--the
president's residence--took place in 1812. "America invulnerable" has been a
constant in policy ever since (cf. Chace and Carr 1988). In conscious historical
memory, Pearl Harbor is salient--and almost instantaneously invoked, for its
similarities and its differences, on September 11 2001. For Brits, there is
mythologization of the Blitz, and for the US ambassador in London, the story of
Brits and Americans standing shoulder to shoulder in World War
II.<BR><BR>Equally of interest, in my view, is the following. In 1946 the
question What to do about the Communists? became answerable when Kennan
formulated policy in language that used a set of cognitive (metaphorical)
structures which cohered with concepts of national security, and with (i)
fundamental human conceptualisation of secure spaces, (ii) fundamental human
fears about the penetration of secure spaces, and (iii) the virtually paranoid
belief in the ubiquity of threat (evil). Cuba is perhaps the most salient
consciously shared memory of penetration of America's sphere and threat to the
American soil. September 11, 2001 must be the most terrifying of breaches. How
it is conceptualised, coped with psychologically and politically, not just by
the US but by the rest of us, is crucial.<BR><BR><BR>2.3 Understanding the
attackers' script<BR>This will probably be sidelined, though some International
Relations theory does say we should not. The point is, those in the "West" have
no clear grasp they are confident of. This is dangerous; it is analogous to the
incomprehension of the Soviet Union at the end of WWII, but more hazardous.
Kennan, the State Department, the national Security Council, Rand Corporation
and others gave us the communist threat, containment and deterrence. These
concepts cannot now be crudely re-applied mutatis mutandis in the new world
situation.<BR><BR>It would be naïve to think the workings of the attackers'
mind/discourse can be easily surmised and simply stated. But let us hazard a few
suggestions. Metonymic thinking, and processes of culture-relative symbolisation
are involved. One thing, one detail of a script or frame stands for a whole
complex gestalt. The White House stands for America--in the perception of both
Americans and potential attackers. Metonymic thinking is probably central to all
forms of terrorist thinking and self-legitimation. Suppose you believe that your
culture, land and wealth are under threat from American companies, American
consumer products, American globalized entertainment--you cannot attack the
individual agents of implementation, so you attack something that is
metonymically liked, that "symbolises", stands for these implementing agents
that you perceive to harm you economically, psychologically and territorially.
New York, Manhattan stands for American culture, money, global financial reach.
The World Trade Centre not only stands (on the skyline) for New York, it stands
for the intangible tentacles of money and culture. As for American military
power, you cannot attack American bases, aircraft, ships, vehicles, so you
attack a building that stands for it. You are not attacking the world trade
centre and the pentagon (just) because you hope to physically eliminate the
controlling centres of power.<BR><BR>So much is obvious. Less obvious is the
possibility of other psychological levels of symbolisation involved. The Tower
as an ancient symbol of power and arrogance. Five-sided forts are militarily
ancient; five-pointed stars have supposedly magical properties in certain
semiotic systems. (M. Casaubon Credulity & Incred. (1672) 71 By certain
pentacula, and seals and characters to fence themselves and to make themselves
invisible against all kinds of arms and musquet bullets. W. G. S. Excurs.
Vill. Curate 128 Had I but shown him the pentangle of Solomon…, how the fiend
would have howled at me in vain.) This is risky territory. But consider: the
pentangle of Solomon, the state of Israel and the metonymy, surely at work in
this crisis, whereby Israel is linked to the United States.<BR><BR>Note also
that "The Pentagon did so and so, says so and so" involves a common metonymy in
which the building stands for the people and the organisation that work there.
Of course, bombing the building will kill the people in it and damage the
organisation, but is there some mental process by which harm can be denied
because you can think "I am just attacking a symbol" (metonymy)?<BR><BR>There is
much more, of far greater importance than all this, that we in the West do not
begin to understand, whether through psychological, political, cultural or
discourse analysis. In particular we do not understand the conceptualisation and
discourse of holy war, jihad, intifada, and most crucially the discourse and
conceptualisation of self-sacrifice and the suicide mission.<BR><BR><BR>3
American response: Discourse-conceptual strategies<BR>Ordinary and Americans and
policy makers will reach for pre-existing discourses/conceptualisations. Here
are some of the probable patterns of thought and talk.<BR>3.1 Categorize the
Crisis<BR>Essentially, the process is one of metaphorical mapping from source to
target domain.<BR>3.1.1 It's a war. Media headlines, comment by reporters, and
reported comment of ordinary people use phrases like: "it's a declaration of war
on America". If the crisis is conceptualised as a war, the entailments are:
there is a state waging war against us, we must defend the US against that
state, we must retaliate against that state, we must use military power... The
premise (source domain) can be unfounded. But the pressure to adopt this frame
of thought can force its adoption and lead to militarisation, false
identification of targets, provocation of states (e.g. in the Arab world),
escalation of war.<BR>3.1.2 It's World War II. Historical analogy. Common in
foreign policy thinking, because it seems to have a rationale, but basically
metaphorical. Thus Sadam Hussein was Hitler. The analogy for the September 11
attack is Pearl Harbor, but more "symbolic". In general, the September attack
announces a World War II analogue. If the crisis is so conceptualised, the
entailments are: we must not appease (a strong strain in American foreign policy
principles), we must stand by our allies the British (conversely), somebody is
Hitler (and if so anti-Jewish and anti-Israel?), the patriotic blitz mentality
will prevail…<BR><BR>3.2 More discourse/conceptual strategies<BR>3.2.1 Polarise.
America represents "The West", "The Free World" (this is the Cold War
expression), "Free Democracies" (the more recent phrase, adopted by the British
prime minister). The conceptual process restores the bi-polar geopolitical map,
familiar to American strategists, and anyway cognitively "natural", since a war
prototypically has just two sides. There is a ready-made script for bi-polar
conflicts. It is also a metonymic process--whereby one element (the USA) stands
for another entity--a supposed collectivity labelled "free democracies", whose
real-world referent, however, is not determinate. What is wrong with
polarisation? The entity "free democracies" cannot be simply determined, nor can
its complement set. It risks recycling old (Cold War) scripts that will be
dysfunctional. It buys into manichaean irrationality.<BR>3.2.2 Rally round the
flag. No need to comment on this… The Senators meeting President Bush on 12
September are reported to have "spontaneously" broken into "God Bless America".
Presidential speeches will seek to stimulate patriotic feeling. This is
doubtless humanly understandable and necessary: its dangers are that its
conceptual corollaries are: militarization, polarization, revenge
scripts.<BR>3.2.3 Take Revenge. Warnings have already been made against adopting
"an eye for an eye" legitimations of military response. The dangers are that
this is a pre-existing script, requires no detailed ethical justification for
many people i.e. it is itself regarded by many as ethically axiomatic), responds
to "gut" feelings. Further, it can be bolstered by rationalisations taken from
International Relations discourse/concepts--specifically Realism, the doctrine
according to which expression of power is what maintains international order.
Supported in popular discourse by phraseology: "force is the only thing they
respect".<BR>3.2.4 The global policeman, and the outlaw script. These are
already perceptible in public discourse. They are old Cold War metaphors, in
which the US is supposed to be the sole arbiter and enforcer of global law and
order, because it is the sole superpower. The cultural roots of the outlaw
script make it powerful domestically. America is the sheriff, the terrorist
concept assimilates easily to the wild west outlaw concept. If America is a
policeman, or the sheriff, the entailments are: there is someone breaking the
law, who must be chased and caught. In the language of the wild west used by
Bush in his early post-crisis speeches--"we must hunt down those folks
responsible". Then "punishment" must be inflicted.<BR>3.2.5 Evil. Some discourse
presupposes an entity labelled "Evil", or the "forces of Evil". Maybe this is
conceptually linked in American domestic discourses to various religious
discourses/concepts.<BR>3.2.6 I leave on one side aside categorisations such as
"it's world war III", "it's the end of the world" and "it's a James Bond movie",
potent as these scripts might be for certain individuals and groups.<BR>3.2.7
Find a target. This is the most serious problem. Since there is no evident
perpetrator at the beginning of the crisis, effort will be put into asserting
that there is an identifiable, unitary enemy. The preference will be for that
enemy to be a state. All the scripts and concepts likely to be mobilised posit
some perpetrating agent or agents. The pressure to identify specific real-world
referents is enormous;the credibility of the presidency depends on it.. There
will be a two-track discursive solution to this problem. One well-tried
discursive route is: like the communist after World War II, the terrorist
is one whose centre is everywhere and whose periphery is nowhere. The enemy will
be imagined is lurking everywhere. That schema entails the "tightening" internal
security checks. The other, and extremely dangerous, conceptual strategy is
another essentially metonymic mental and discursive move. President Bush already
on 12 September stated that the US would "make no distinction between the
terrorists who commit these acts and those who harbor them". This is a discourse
move of the utmost significance, one that seems designed to adjust
conceptualisations. It was repeated by several spokespersons, including Colin
Powell, during the day of 12 September.<BR><BR>If the premise is the metonymic
mapping of perpetrator onto person(s) harbouring the perpetrator (the latter
notion awkwardly lexicalised during the discourse as "harborer"), then the
entailments are very serious. Given the militarization, the container, and other
scripts likely to work together, "harbourers" can be targeted because they are
identified with the perpetrators. It is likely that Afghanistan's hosting of
Osama bin Laden is at issue here. Discursive effort will be put into
establishing bin Laden as the perpetrator, whatever the evidence. It is of
course possible that some state could in fact be protecting, promoting and
sponsoring attacks. The serious point here, is that even if evidence for such
connections is not at hand, the metonymic semiotic is powerful enough, given
other factors (such as policymakers' perception of an urgent need to satisfy
public feeling) to drive retaliatory attacks on some superficially plausible
target. There is a record of this type of thinking leading incorrect
identification of targets. Proportionality would be overridden. The political
and military consequences could be disastrous.<BR><BR>3.3 Close the
container<BR>In my view the CONTAINER schema (its elements are inside, outside,
centre, periphery) is the fundamental conceptual source for "national security".
(On such schemata, see Johnson, The Body in the Mind, etc.)The human mind is
possibly prewired for spatial relations (up-down, trajectory, contained spaces);
in any case territorial enclosure is embedded historically in the discourse of
communities, and metaphorized in the defence doctrines of nation states, and in
the discourses of national sovereignty. For a couple of decades some scholars
have pointed to the irrelevance of thinking based on the notion of the
impenetrable shell of defence. Yet (national) missile defense is the continuing
and potent manifestation of this type of discourse/conceptualisation.<BR><BR>The
discursive knee-jerk will be to close the container ("tighten security"). If the
state and its security are a container, the entailments are: close the
container, seal routes of entry (and maybe exit), establish a "roof" to defend
against missiles, establish internal surveillance to defend against subversion
and undermining. This logic, involving billions of dollars of expenditure on
research, an inestimable cost in ill-will, has lead to an unaccomplished an
possibly unaccomplishable quest for a defense "shield". The September 11 attack
made this logic, as so far implemented, totally beside the point. Nonetheless,
it is probable, such is the cognitive strength of the container schema, that
policymakers will simply seek to stop the gaps, by seeking to install low-level
anti-aircraft detection and defense systems for key installations. This already
the case for some buildings.<BR><BR>Why this line of thought will lead to
unworkable policy? The technology of fool-proof and complete anti-missile and
anti-aircraft defense is in doubt. The "holes" in the container uncountable and
unforeseeable. There would be endless expenditure--and it should be noted
contracts for the military-industrial complex, which, it can still be argued,
drive the entire vicious circle. More importantly, it leaves untouched the
problem of political causation--what drives people to select the US as a target
in the first place. Indeed, it would ratchet the up the mechanism of provocation
by reinforcing the perception that America is seeking further invulnerable
dominance. It would leave the search for political and economic solutions low on
the priority list.<BR><BR>Paul Chilton<BR>12 September 2001 </P></BODY></HTML>