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<!--StartFragment--><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" align="center" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Call for chapters<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-style:italic">(Deadline for abstracts: 1<sup>st</sup> June 2012)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><b><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><b><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Origins:
A Sustainable Concept in Education? <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Editors:</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Fred
Dervin</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">University
of Helsinki, Finland<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">&<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Hanna Ragnarsdottír<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" align="center" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">University
of Iceland<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:1.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;mso-pagination:
none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:
Helvetica">“I don't feel that it is necessary to know exactly what I am. The
main interest in life and work is to become someone else that you were not in
the beginning. If you knew when you began a book what you would say at the end,
do you think that you would have the courage to write it?” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Helvetica">Michel Foucault
(1982) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Truth, Power, Self: An Interview
with Michel Foucault</i> (25 October 1982)</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">The
etymology of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">origin </i>derives from <span style="mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia">the Latin word <i>originem</i> (nom. <i>origo</i>)
“rise, beginning, source,” and from the stem of <i>oriri</i> “to rise, become
visible, appear”.</span><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Georgia;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> </span>Though the word has been around in many
languages for many centuries, talking about origins is a very postmodern
subject. As such, even though we live in “liquid times” (Bauman, 2004), where
identities are said to be unstable, hybrid, plural and opportunities for
altering the Self unlimited<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
which unsettle, amongst others, national identities and “imagined communities”
(Anderson, 1992), sticking to, being relegated to or attempting to find one’s
origins are thriving. The fact that the stranger, the “other” is often asked
where s/he comes from is a strong signal. The renewed interest in genealogy in
many countries, the revival of certain languages and traditions from the past,
the unearthing of one’s “heritage”, etc. all contribute to re-create and
sometimes reimagine origins in order to deal with the pressure of postmodernity
and globalization. For certain migrant and mobile individuals, origins can
serve as a way of reassuring themselves when they feel threatened or
marginalized. According to the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman (2004: 20), such
endeavours, which are very much related to identity-seeking, are “born out of
the effort (…) to bridge the gap between the ‘ought’ and the ‘is’”. Societies
themselves do contribute to create groups (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">us
vs. them</i>) and thus to label those within and outside (Bauman, 2001).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:36.0pt">Just like culture, origins can be used for justifying some
practices, behaviours, attitudes, discourses, opinions and even values (ex.: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">I am from Italy and this is why I do this</i>
or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">my roots are in Karelia, the area
between Russia and Finland, and in Karelia people are quite talkative</i>).
Many anthropologists and sociologists have noted the tendency for origins to
emerge when people are faced with problems (in “the tumult of battle”, Bauman,
2004) or when they need to explain what they do or think, through the use of
words such as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">culture, identity,
tradition</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">roots,</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">community</i>, etc. They also highlight the
dangers of putting origins at the forefront in some situations (putting people
in “boxes”), especially when they contribute to injustice, prejudice and even
dreadful political acts (Wikan, 2002, cf. also outside anthropology e.g. Sen,
2006). <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:36.0pt">In education, Bhatia argues that discourses on “minority
students” often contribute to simple, unproblematized and limited uses of the
idea of origins (Bhatia, 2011) and can easily lead to institutionalized racism.
Besides these also often create <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">volens
nolens</i> hierarchies between origins. Researchers themselves can also add to
these by starting from a solid indicator of origins such as national identity or
social class in their work (Dervin, 2011; Bourdieu, 1981).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Yet as <span style="mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial">Amin Maalouf (2001: 24-25) reminds us in his book <i>In the name of
identity: violence and the need to belong</i></span>:<span style="font-size:
16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial">“Imagine an infant removed immediately from its place of birth and set
down in a different environment. Then compare the various “identities” the
child might acquire in its new context, the battles it would now have to fight
and those it would be spared. Needless to say, the child would have no
recollection of his original religion, or of his country or language. And might
he not one day find himself fighting to the death against those who ought to
have been his nearest and dearest?”. Undoubtedly this urges us to reconsider
the importance and use of origins, which is often branded as a slogan in
research, teacher education and education. </span><span style="font-size:16.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Questions<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">This volume examines the
discourses and uses of the word <i>origins </i>in educational contexts. There
is no limitation in terms of geography or educational level. The proposals for
chapters can deal with any of the questions below:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Who uses the word origins
or its “synonyms” in education? For what purposes?</span> What explicit and
implicit statements about origins are made in education?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Is the word origins dynamic in education?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Who isn’t allowed to talk
about (whose) origins? Why? </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Are the statements that are being made about
origins empowering or oppressing the groups or individuals involved (which ones
and how)? Are origins imposed on children or students?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Do some students reject ‘their’ origins? Why?
How?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Is it necessary for students to know “what” they
are (cf. Foucault at the beginning)?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-add-space:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic">What origins seem to be privileged in education
(class, ethnicity, language…)?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-add-space:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Are some origins “staged” in schools (e.g.
“multicultural days”)? Who organizes them? For what purposes? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-add-space:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Are origins taken into account in pedagogy, school
administration, architecture, etc.?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-add-space:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Do discourses and actions related to origins in
education allow pupils, students and teachers to “meet”?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-add-space:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic">What are the advantages and drawbacks of working
with origins in education? Do origins contribute e.g. to injustice,
marginalization or “racism without races”?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-add-space:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What is the
potential role of parents in introducing origins in education?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-add-space:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Are origins the enemies of such notions as mélange,
métissage or hybridity in education?</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman""> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom:14.0pt;mso-add-space:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-pagination:none;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Symbol;
mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Is it bad to talk about origins
in education and if yes, why?<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:
italic"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Deadlines<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:
none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Abstract of proposed
chapter (300 words): June 1<sup>st</sup>, 2012 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:
none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Full chapters to be
submitted: December 1<sup>st</sup>, 2012<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:
none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Authors are invited
to submit a <b>300-word </b>proposal (including a few lines about the
author(s)) in English to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u>both</u></i></b> editors by <b>1<sup>st</sup>
June 2012 </b>(</span><a href="mailto:fred.dervin@helsinki.fi"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";text-decoration:none;text-underline:
none">fred.dervin@helsinki.fi</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:blue"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">&<span style="color:blue"> <a href="mailto:hannar@hi.is">hannar@hi.is</a></span>). <span style="color:blue"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span>The proposals should clearly explain
the theoretical positioning and concerns of the proposed chapter, and include a
short description of a corpus (where applicable). A basic bibliography may also
be added. Full chapters are expected to be submitted by <b>1st December 2012. </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">The chapters will be blind peer reviewed. </span>The
proposed book will be submitted to Sense Publishers (<a href="https://www.sensepublishers.com/"><span style="text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none">https://www.sensepublishers.com/</span></a>). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
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mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%">
<!--[endif]-->
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"ＭＳ 明朝";mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> These are of course not new ideas: the philosopher
Henri Bergson in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century or </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Times">Aristotle, in his <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Nicomachean Ethics</i>, where he claimed
that “being is said in many ways”, have discussed this.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span lang="FI" style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-ansi-language:
FI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
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