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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Hi friends,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">I thought I would share this nice (and short!) piece from Ingrid Piller’s
<a href="https://www.languageonthemove.com/blogpage/">“Language on the Move” blog</a> (worth subscribing!) that helps explain why support for multilingual and multidialectal students is so important. It also helps highlight the cognitive skills one develops
when using an additional language. I think I might use in future faculty development
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji",sans-serif">😊</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Enjoy!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">-Shawna<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#3A7C22;mso-ligatures:standardcontextual">Shawna Shapiro, PhD<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#3A7C22;mso-ligatures:standardcontextual">Professor of Writing and Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#3A7C22;mso-ligatures:standardcontextual">Middlebury College-
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#3A7C22;mso-ligatures:standardcontextual">Munroe 119<br>
Email: <a href="mailto:sshapiro@middlebury.edu"><span style="color:#467886">sshapiro@middlebury.edu</span></a>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#3A7C22;mso-ligatures:standardcontextual">Cell: 206.919.6060</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#3A7C22;mso-ligatures:standardcontextual"><br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#3A7C22;mso-ligatures:standardcontextual">Websites:
<a href="https://sites.middlebury.edu/shapiro/"><span style="color:#467886">https://sites.middlebury.edu/shapiro/</span></a> //
<a href="https://clacollective.org/"><span style="color:#467886">https://clacollective.org/</span></a><br>
Latest book: <i><a href="https://www.routledge.com/Cultivating-Critical-Language-Awareness-in-the-Writing-Classroom/Shapiro/p/book/9780367767402"><span style="color:#467886">Cultivating Critical Language Awareness in the Writing Classroom</span></a></i></span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#3A7C22;mso-ligatures:standardcontextual"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Language on the Move <donotreply@wordpress.com>
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, May 19, 2026 5:12 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Shapiro, Shawna <sshapiro@middlebury.edu><br>
<b>Subject:</b> The cost of language juggling<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black">*** Adolfo M. García, Agustina Birba, Edinson Muñoz, Isabelle Chou *** How interpreting drains the bilingual mind Simultaneous interpreting is often described as one of the most
cognitively demanding language activities humans perform. Interprete… </span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><a href="https://languageonthemove.com/the-cost-of-language-juggling/"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#646970">Read on blog</span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#646970">
or </span><a href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/bar/?stat=groovemails-events&bin=wpcom_email_click&redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordpress.com%2Freader%2Fblogs%2F11150173%2Fposts%2F26841&sr=1&signature=d0639f1d5342b2850c7b5f26e5773fcb&user=44086424&_e=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&_z=z"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#646970">Reader</span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#646970"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt"><a href="https://languageonthemove.com/"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517;text-decoration:none">Language on the Move</span></b></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">
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<a href="https://languageonthemove.com/the-cost-of-language-juggling/"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#646970">Read on blog</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#646970"> or </span><a href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/bar/?stat=groovemails-events&bin=wpcom_email_click&redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordpress.com%2Freader%2Fblogs%2F11150173%2Fposts%2F26841&sr=1&signature=d0639f1d5342b2850c7b5f26e5773fcb&user=44086424&_e=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&_z=z"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#646970">Reader</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#646970"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<a href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/bar/?stat=groovemails-events&bin=wpcom_email_click&redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Flanguageonthemove.com%2Fthe-cost-of-language-juggling%2F&sr=0&signature=491f284464006e1223a467e99c9c6e1a&blog_id=11150173&user=44086424&_e=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&_z=z"><span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517;letter-spacing:-.1pt;text-decoration:none">The
cost of language juggling</span></a><span style="font-size:21.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#2D3338;letter-spacing:-.1pt"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<p class="byline" style="margin:0in"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">By
<strong><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.1pt">Language on the Move</span></strong> on
<span class="date">May 19, 2026</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:0%"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><img border="0" width="750" height="563" style="width:7.8125in;height:5.868in" id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:~WRD0000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender. featured image"></span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<strong><span lang="ES-CO" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">***</span></strong><span lang="ES-CO" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517"><br>
Adolfo M. García, Agustina Birba, Edinson Muñoz, Isabelle Chou<br>
<strong><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">***</span></strong><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#2D3338">How interpreting drains the bilingual mind<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Simultaneous interpreting is often described as one of the most cognitively demanding language activities humans perform. Interpreters must listen to a rapidly unfolding speech in
one language while almost instantly reformulating it in another—accurately, fluently, and without the luxury of pauses. This constant overlap of listening, remembering, and speaking places extraordinary demands on the brain.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">A new study on Chinese–English bilinguals helps clarify what this pressure means in cognitive terms. The findings suggest that even a brief session of simultaneous interpreting can
temporarily drain working memory, a core mental resource, reducing the brain’s ability to benefit from immediate practice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#2D3338">Working memory, working hard<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Working memory is the brain’s mental “scratchpad.” It allows us to briefly hold information in mind, manipulate it, and integrate it with other inputs. You rely on it when remembering
a phone number long enough to dial it, following multi-step instructions, or holding the beginning of a sentence in mind while reading the end.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">For interpreters, working memory is indispensable. They must comprehend incoming words, track meaning, reorganize syntax, and produce speech—all while more input keeps arriving.
The system is under constant pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">The long-standing assumption in interpreting research has been that this intense mental juggling taxes working memory heavily. Yet most evidence so far has been indirect, based on
brain imaging, pupil dilation, or comparisons between trained interpreters and non-interpreters. What has been missing is a clear causal test: does interpreting itself immediately affect working memory performance?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#2D3338">Putting the question to the test<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><img border="0" width="100" height="100" style="width:1.0416in;height:1.0416in" id="Picture_x0020_3" src="cid:~WRD0000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender."></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<a href="https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=563b4ca2281356ea0e359401a23e716cdff9a32f298f93a40f5ad420ee94e4a7&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=7e58771feebd11400c3cdd1693858731&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2FtYnJpZGdlLm9yZy9jb3JlL2pvdXJuYWxzL2JpbGluZ3VhbGlzbS1sYW5ndWFnZS1hbmQtY29nbml0aW9uL2FydGljbGUvd29ya2luZy1tZW1vcnktZXhlcnRpb24tYWZ0ZXItc2ltdWx0YW5lb3VzLWludGVycHJldGluZy1pbi1iaWxpbmd1YWxzLzU4QTlGOTQ2MERBRkQ4Q0Y1RUMxQTU1QzExMjNGMzM1&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#007117;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="100" height="100" style="width:1.0416in;height:1.0416in" id="Picture_x0020_4" src="cid:~WRD0000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender."></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">The
research design (Image credit: Chou et al., 2026) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">To answer this, we recruited 50 Chinese–English bilinguals enrolled in a master’s program in translation and interpreting. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups.
One group spent ten minutes performing simultaneous interpreting from Chinese (their first language) into English. The other group completed a control task: listening to the same speech and answering comprehension questions afterward. Crucially, everyone completed
a series of cognitive tests both before and immediately after the task, namely:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#101517"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">A working memory task that measured how well participants could remember and integrate visual information.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:.25in;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#101517"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">A classic Stroop task to assess inhibitory control.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#101517"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Verbal fluency tasks to measure how easily people could retrieve words.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Because the working memory test was non-verbal, it avoided confounding language proficiency with memory performance. And because it was administered right before and right after
the interpreting or listening task, the researchers could isolate the immediate effects of cognitive exertion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#2D3338">The key finding: interpreting blocks learning gains<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Here is where things get interesting. Participants in the control group—those who only listened and answered questions—showed a clear improvement in working memory accuracy the second
time they took the test. This is a well-known practice effect: people often get better simply by repeating a task.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Conversely, the interpreting group did not show this improvement. After interpreting, their working memory performance stayed flat. They did not get worse—but they also did not benefit
from practice. In other words, simultaneous interpreting seemed to block the normal learning-related boost that appeared in the control group.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Importantly, this effect emerged only in the most demanding version of the working memory task—the one that required integrating multiple features at once. A simpler memory condition
showed no such difference. This pattern suggests that interpreting does not drain working memory across the board. Instead, it selectively interferes with high-load, integration-heavy processes—the very kind that interpreters rely on most.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#2D3338">What about other cognitive skills?<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<a href="https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=563b4ca2281356ea0e359401a23e716cdff9a32f298f93a40f5ad420ee94e4a7&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=7e58771feebd11400c3cdd1693858731&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY2FtYnJpZGdlLm9yZy9jb3JlL2pvdXJuYWxzL2JpbGluZ3VhbGlzbS1sYW5ndWFnZS1hbmQtY29nbml0aW9uL2FydGljbGUvd29ya2luZy1tZW1vcnktZXhlcnRpb24tYWZ0ZXItc2ltdWx0YW5lb3VzLWludGVycHJldGluZy1pbi1iaWxpbmd1YWxzLzU4QTlGOTQ2MERBRkQ4Q0Y1RUMxQTU1QzExMjNGMzM1&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#007117;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="617" height="600" style="width:6.4236in;height:6.25in" id="Picture_x0020_5" src="cid:~WRD0000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender."></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">The
results (Image credit: Chou et al., 2026) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">If interpreting is so demanding, does it also affect other executive functions, like inhibition or verbal fluency? In the present study, it did not. Performance on the Stroop task
and the fluency tests improved slightly from pre- to post-task in both groups, regardless of whether participants had interpreted or just listened. There were no interpreting-specific costs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">This selectivity matters. It shows that simultaneous interpreting does not simply “wear out” the brain in a general way. Instead, it targets specific cognitive systems—particularly
working memory mechanisms involved in binding and integration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#2D3338">Implications understanding interpreting and cognition at large<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">These findings help reconcile two seemingly contradictory ideas about interpreting. On the one hand, experienced interpreters often show long-term advantages in working memory compared
to other bilinguals. On the other hand, interpreting feels exhausting, and professionals are advised not to interpret for more than 20–30 minutes at a time. The new results are compatible with both observations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">In the short term, interpreting can temporarily deplete working memory resources, preventing immediate gains from practice. Over the long term, however, repeated exposure to this
intense demand may strengthen the system, much like strenuous exercise builds muscle—after recovery. This “use it, drain it, then build it” dynamic offers a more nuanced picture of how cognitive skills adapt to extreme language use.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">The study also speaks to a broader issue in psychology: how mental effort affects learning. Cognitive exertion paradigms—where performance is measured before and after a demanding
task—have been used to study self-control, emotion regulation, and learning. Applying this approach to bilingual language use shows how specific real-world activities can selectively tax particular mental systems. In this case, interpreting didn’t cause a
dramatic drop in performance. Instead, it quietly erased a benefit that others enjoyed. That subtlety may explain why cognitive fatigue is so easy to underestimate—and so hard to measure without careful experimental design.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#2D3338">Further questions and a takeaway<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Several questions remain unanswered. Would longer interpreting sessions produce stronger or longer-lasting effects? Do professional interpreters show faster recovery? Can targeted
training or breaks reduce working memory depletion? Answering these questions could have practical implications for interpreter training, scheduling, and well-being. More broadly, they could help us understand how the brain copes with extreme multitasking
in everyday life.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Overall, the takeaway is clear: simultaneous interpreting places a unique and immediate strain on working memory. Even when performance does not visibly collapse, the cognitive system
is working at full stretch—sometimes too stretched to learn in the moment. That invisible cost may be the price of making communication flow seamlessly across languages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#2D3338">Reference<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Chou, I., Birba, A., Hu, J., Muñoz, E., Kwon, G., & García, A. M. (2026). Working memory exertion after simultaneous interpreting in bilinguals.
<em><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Bilingualism: Language and Cognition</span></em>, 1-11.
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=1cfd44c5237f7b0782abdfaefe599fd213c8b544070d1c5d3360363bfb551999&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=bb03972fb4112b796aec492109e47975&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly9kb2kub3JnLzEwLjEwMTcvUzEzNjY3Mjg5MjUxMDA4OTg&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#007117">https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728925100898</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:16.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#2D3338">Author bios<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Dr. Adolfo M. García.
</span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=ec470cb0da4d1c9a12e60bec7bf78c9c7df1a23a9701ac3f05f99c2bfd4ccfa5&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=d27080485ba54706a946b4493231c1d9&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5hZG9sZm9nYXJjaWEuY29tLmFyLw=&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#007117">Adolfo
García</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517"> is Director of the
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=525bb7b6f44d5f360a0202c0957fd2c4daebe6932be443d0fdd7bb677c2ebd1b&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=f8712a3c6fc9229f7e9782ce00f0b79a&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly91ZGVzYS5lZHUuYXIvY25j&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#007117">Cognitive
Neuroscience Center</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517"> (UdeSA, Argentina), Senior Fellow at the
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=d2f94b1525d47768fa65d2a4d48870f962cc9430cc23005b56f0001f73f627b8&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=3cfddef9ed4df7b9cfa28cac9a725825&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ2JoaS5vcmcvcHJvZmlsZXMvYWRvbGZvLWdhcmNpYQ=&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#007117">Global
Brain Health Institute</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517"> (UCSF, US), and Associate Researcher at
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=b8984a37a0865db7729f73ddd6175d79a0b8a072b86126828177475c6758d8c4&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=5b9a2f995101dfbbe3b4c28cffb8f615&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudXNhY2guY2wv&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#007117">Universidad
de Santiago de Chile</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">. He is also co-founder of
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=f39a5b218aca28ff50f92e5514589194b0a5813109c49fb5623ba988022b0f8b&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=4b5cede0c85449520dc1b36f4fcf3cd8&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly9pbmNsdWRlLW5ldHdvcmsuY29tLw=&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#007117">Include</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">,
a global network for crosslinguistic research on brain health; and creator of </span>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=512eef50e432b1b15472a6fbc43d49f044a2b48d6af91d323d10d0fffe59b852&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=4702a69841dd981c14d326c139f95ebd&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly90ZWxsYXBwLm9yZy8&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#007117">TELL</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">,
a speech testing app. He has obtained funds from the National Institutes of Health (US), the Alzheimer’s Association, and the Swiss National Science Foundation. He has authored over
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="https://languageonthemove.com/?action=user_content_redirect&uuid=c3c7c91003b00aadd4a19b72de0af1d661693993829bc7d2efc50ae8968f016b&blog_id=11150173&post_id=26841&user_id=44086424&subs_id=52153950&signature=dafef80c6a70520a581e79ba48ac9eee&email_name=new-post&user_email=sshapiro@middlebury.edu&encoded_url=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY29uaWNldC5nb3YuYXIvbmV3X3NjcC9kZXRhbGxlLnBocD9pZD0zMzg0MiZrZXl3b3Jkcz1hZG9sZm8rZ2FyYyVDMyVBRGErYmlsaW5nJUMzJUJDaXNtbyZkYXRvc19hY2FkZW1pY29zPXllcw=&email_id=f9fe612bc8578dcdc49141c86110600d"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#007117">200
publications</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517"> and offered 350 presentations. His science communication milestones include two TED talks and featured articles in
<em><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Scientific American </span></em>and
<em><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Le Monde</span></em>. His contributions have been recognized by the Legislature of the City of Buenos Aires and the Alzheimer’s Association, and by Harvard’s Ig Nobel award, the Early Career Award from the
Society for the Neurobiology of Language, and the UpLink Top Innovator Award from the World Economic Forum.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Dr. Agustina Birba.
</span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Agustina Birba is a cognitive neuroscientist specialized in neurolinguistics, neuroimaging, and non-invasive brain stimulation. She obtained her PhD from the University
of Buenos Aires and completed postdoctoral training through multiple competitive international fellowships and grants across institutions in Chile, Spain, the United States, Switzerland, and China. Her research investigates the neurocognitive, neurophysiological,
and neuroanatomical bases of language and social cognition in both healthy individuals and clinical populations with neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. She teaches across undergraduate and graduate programs in Argentina, Colombia, and Spain,
and has authored over 50 publications in leading journals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Prof. Edinson Muñoz.
</span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Edinson Muñoz is Director of the Interdisciplinary Experimental Research Program in Communication and Cognition and of the Department of Linguistics and Literature,
both at the School of Humanities of Universidad de Santiago de Chile. His work focuses on cognitive linguistics, contrastive linguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics, with an emphasis on bilingualism and language assessment in neurodegenerative
conditions. His multiple papers have appeared in journals like <em><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Bilingualism: Language and Cognition</span></em>,
<em><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Perspectives</span></em>, <em>
<span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">International Journal of Bilingualism</span></em>, and
<em><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Neurobiology of Aging</span></em>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.25in;margin-left:0in">
<strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Dr. Isabelle Chou.
</span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Isabelle CHOU joined the College of Foreign Languages and Cultures (Sichuan University, China) as is Research Professor in 2025. From 2021 to 2025 she worked as Dean
of the Translation Department at University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. Her research interests center on empirical and experimental studies focuses on cognitive process in translation and interpreting, translation process/product interface,
corpus-based translation and interpreting studies. Her research can be found in numerous journals, including
<em><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Bilingualism: Language and Cognition</span></em>,
<em><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Target</span></em>, <em><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Lingua</span></em>, and
<em><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</span></em>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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or </span><span style="color:black"><a href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/bar/?stat=groovemails-events&bin=wpcom_email_click&redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordpress.com%2Freader%2Fsubscriptions&sr=1&signature=8ef80234e23cf13e1e99d49a07227a33&user=44086424&_e=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&_z=z" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#007117;text-decoration:none">manage
your email subscriptions</span></a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#F6F7F7"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><img border="0" width="40" height="40" style="width:.4166in;height:.4166in" id="Picture_x0020_6" src="cid:~WRD0000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender. WordPress.com and Jetpack Logos"></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Get the Jetpack app
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517;display:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0in;line-height:17.55pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Subscribe, bookmark, and get real‑time notifications - all from one app!
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#F6F7F7"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jetpack.android&referrer=utm_source%3D%25notification%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_campaign%243Dnew-post" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="115" height="33" style="width:1.1944in;height:.3472in" id="Picture_x0020_7" src="cid:~WRD0000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender. Download Jetpack on Google Play"></span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id1565481562?pt=299112&ct=new-post&mt=8" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="115" height="33" style="width:1.1944in;height:.3472in" id="Picture_x0020_8" src="cid:~WRD0000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender. Download Jetpack from the App Store"></span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#F6F7F7"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt:7.5pt"><a href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/bar/?stat=groovemails-events&bin=wpcom_email_click&redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordpress.com&sr=1&signature=af35c96ad380361eb6373dc2a3080250&user=44086424&_e=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&_z=z" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="138" height="28" style="width:1.4375in;height:.2916in" id="Picture_x0020_9" src="cid:~WRD0000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender. WordPress.com Logo and Wordmark title="></span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="address" style="margin:0in"><span class="address1"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">Automattic, Inc</span></b></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#101517">.
<br>
60 29th St. #343, San Francisco, CA 94110 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:black;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><img border="0" width="1" height="1" style="width:.0069in;height:.0069in" id="Picture_x0020_10" src="cid:~WRD0000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender."><img border="0" width="1" height="1" style="width:.0069in;height:.0069in" id="Picture_x0020_11" src="cid:~WRD0000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender."></span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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