<div dir="ltr"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a0481ffb-cd7c-cb91-6245-8f90890c273f"><p style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><font color="#000000" face="Arial"><span style="white-space:pre-wrap">Hi everybody,</span></font></p><p style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><font color="#000000" face="Arial"><span style="white-space:pre-wrap"><br></span></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Reading Tamar’s commentary and subsequent contributions has been thrilling. Now I understand why I’ve been subsisting on the margins of EC--I simply wasn’t smart enough to figure it out until others could articulate the relevant parameters! </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Maybe I’m a textbook case for incoherence ;)</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">There are many specific points in the dialogue so far that I could respond to (especially Trudy, Jay and David and others too), but since most (perhaps practically all) of you don’t know me and haven’t read my stuff, I’ll just select some starting points and summarize what I’ve been working on.  I imagine you’ll notice multiple  points of interconnection with the insights shared here; maybe we can figure out how I could finally package some of what I’ve done in a proper EC paper.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">“EC research has tended to address codes as ‘historically situated,’ already emplaced, stressing the spatial rather than the the temporal dimension constituting the Hymesian category of Setting--</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-style:italic;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">a static perspective that does not address the temporality implicit</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> in processes of encoding…” (Katriel, 2015, p. 455, emphasis added). My dissertation is an effort in resisting standard forms while relying on EC-style analysis. I knew/know I’m addressing time but only had one example from the EC literature to draw upon (Scollon and Wong-Scollon 1990). So I went interdisciplinary, to literature (Bakhtin’s chronotopes), translation studies (Venuti’s 1998 domestication and foreignization), linguistic anthropology (indexicality, e.g., Silverstein 2006 but especially as articulated by Blommaert 2012), political history (Neustadt and May 1986), whatever else I found, wherever I found it (e.g., fluid mechanics, neuroscience!).</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">My object is interpreting: the live encoding (!) by a human being of utterances in one language to utterances in another language, be it spoken language or signed language--that is, one of the 130+ known sign languages spontaneously generated by Deaf people whenever they cluster in sufficient numbers. I tried initially to think of the interpreter as an instrumentality (still a relevant frame), but thinking of the interpreter as an encoder also has explanatory potential. Also, I ran into some trouble with the definition of a speech community, because the boundaries of who is ‘in’ an interpreted interaction are extraordinarily porous and participants are radically heterogenous. Finally, there’s discourse </span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-style:italic;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">about</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> interpreting, which is to a certain extent separate and distinct from the discourses that are enacted during interpreted interaction--but obviously related. All of which have temporal implications of significant consequence.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">To continue Tamer’s statement: “... [to] address the temporality implicit in processes of encoding as </span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-style:italic;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">those processes that establish stabilized codes for the communication of meanings</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> and/or shared sensibilities” (Katriel, 2015, p. 455, emphasis added). My entry point was criticism Deaf people frequently inveigh against sign language interpreters, which Donal recognized instantly included a term for talk. Back in the day, Donal squeezed me onto a pre-conference panel before the NCA conference in Miami (2004?). My presentation was well received; Ron Scollon gave me a ton of encouragement. But I had mixed feelings…. I didn’t want to investigate the possible term for talk </span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-style:italic;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">per se</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">…retroactively, there was something ‘static’ about that, when what I was aiming for was the social transaction of being interpreted & otherwise participating in interpreted interaction. Donal told me not to limit myself with the label “ethnography of communication,” which was freeing, but I wasn’t able to discover how to pursue my investigation within an EC paradigm.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The “stabilized code for the communication of meanings” includes (at least) a discourse about interpreting by users/consumers/clients and a discourse about interpreting by practitioners. Additionally, the second reason I’m so excited about Tamer’s commentary, is that the idea and concept of “an interpreter,” that is, what an interpreter can and should do (and not do) and also ‘what interpreting should/could feel or be like’ was a direct result of technological development. The so-called “IBM System” was designed and implemented by the US government and IBM at the Nuremberg Trials after WWII. It enabled the simultaneous transmission of interpretations of the four languages spoken by participants in the trial along different channels, so everyone could understand and participate in their own language. Following the Social Construction of Technology (SCoT) theory and method, it seems to me the evidence shows there was never a period of “interpretive flexibility” (Bijker, Hughes and Pinch, 1987). Instead the invention and deployment of simultaneous interpreting went into immediate “closure” based on the criteria and conditions imposed for the trials. So Deaf people’s criticism of interpreters reflects not only a cultural sensibility but also says something about mediated communication in general. </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Eventually I was able to distinguish a homolingual bias (preference for communicating in the same language) and identify interpreting as the case par excellence for plurilingual communication (when more than one code is in use among participants in the same timespace). I haven’t made the case for either of these with the kind of rigor strict conformity to EC would impose, but now I can begin to imagine how this could fit within the paradigm instead of only dancing around its edges. I don’t know if this presents a challenge or opportunity to EC’s interpretivist (generally non-critical) paradigm? It would be cool if some of the assumptions of critical scholars could be validated by EC methods. (Another reason why I couldn’t stay based exclusively here….the criteria were simply too homogenous for my research context.)</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Kudos David, Wendy, Tamar and the rest of you on this list for pulling together this e-seminar! Totally awesome :)  I’m eager to dig in more.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">References</span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="" style="white-space:pre">      </span></span><span style="font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span class="" style="white-space:pre">  </span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom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