Fw: associative causative

[DIONEY]

A pedido de Françoise Rose, encaminho esta mensagem aos participantes da 
Etnolingüística e da CVL.
Abraço cordial a todos.
Dioney



Dear Colleagues,
In some apparently rare languages, one of the causative markers is 
specialized in indicating that the causer not only makes the causee do an 
action, but also participates in it. It pertains to a type of causative, 
variably called sociative causative (Shibatani and Pardeshi 2002), 
comitative causative (Tupi-Guarani tradition, Cf. Rodrigues 1953), causative 
of involvement (Dixon 2000). This type of causative function is more 
frequently conveyed by a causative morpheme also coding direct or indirect 
causation. We are curious to know more about languages showing a device to 
express sociative causative, and especially languages displaying a specific 
associative causative marker (along other causative markers), such as below.
Emerillon (Tupi-Guarani, French Guiana)
(1) pe-lo-polahadj-kom.
2PL-CAUS.SOC-dance-PL.O
You made them dance with you.
(2) o-elo-kwa ba’eza’u.
3-CAUS.SOC-pass food
She distributed food (she passes by and have food pass with her).
(3) zawal-enam ka o-(w)elo-nan.
dog-TOP.SWITCH wasp 3 -CAUS.SOC-run
The dog runs with the wasps (The dog makes the wasps “run” with him.)
(4) zawal o-elo-’al tupawəl.
dog 3-CAUS.SOC-fall box
The dog makes the box fall (when falling himself).
Cavineña (Tacana, Bolivia)
(5) E-ra e-kwe e-bakwa tawi-kere-ya.
1SG-ERG 1SG-GEN 1-child sleep-CAUS.SOC-IMPFV
I (will) make my child sleep with me.
(6) E-ra =tu ara-kere-chine torta Don Francisco.
1SG-ERG =3SG eat-CAUS.SOC-REC.PAST cake Mr. Francisco
I invited Mr. Francisco to eat a cake with me. (I made Mr F. eat a cake with 
me).

Shibatani & Pardeshi (2002) distinguish 3 semantic types of sociative 
causation :
- joint-action (Mother is making the child play)
- assistive (Mother is making the child pee)
- supervision (Mother is making the child read a book)

Depending on the language, sociative causative may be restricted to 
intransitive bases (Tupi-Guarani languages) or may also apply to transitive 
bases (Cavineña).
Sociative causative differs from the applicative construction, where a 
comitative participant is promoted to an object position, in having a 
causative meaning (and probably in the fact that the causee/object is the 
main agent of the action, and the causer/subject the “comitative” 
participant). Indeed, there are languages which display a distinction 
between a comitative applicative and a sociative causative, as is the case 
in Wolof, for example.
There is however in many languages a formal syncretism between causative and 
applicative: Shibatani & Pardeshi (2002) underline the fact that “in a fair 
number of languages, causative morphemes are associated with the applicative 
function of introducing a comitative, instrumental or benefactive argument.” 
To summarize, whereas applicative markers can not take the sociative 
causative function (but just the comitative one), causative markers may 
overlap the applicative function.
Apart from Tupi/Tupi-Guarani languages, Cavineña and Wolof, we have read 
about specific sociative causative markers in the Peruvian Pre-Andine Arawak 
languages Nomatsiguenga, Amuesha and Piro (Wise 1986: 593-594) and Asheninca 
(Payne 2001), as well as in the Equatorian Barbacoan language Awa Pit 
(Timothy Curnow, p.c.), and in Alamblak– Sepik, New Guinea, (Bruce 1984 :55, 
155-156).
Our questions are:
- Do you know any other language displaying sociative causative?
- Does it have a specific sociative causative marker?
- What exact meaning does it carry?
- On what type of verbs is it found? (valence + meaning)
- In this language, how do(es) the other type(s) of causative function? Is 
there any applicative construction? Is it an “and-language” or a 
“with-language” (Stassen 2000)?
Please, send your answers to :

Françoise ROSE, CELIA (CNRS/IRD), France, rose at vjf.cnrs.fr
& Antoine GUILLAUME, Université Lyon, France, aguillau at ish-lyon.cnrs.fr





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