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<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2>Caros colegas,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2>Participei recentemente de uma interessante discussão sobre línguas ameaçadas na lista Endangered Languages (suponho que alguns de vocês tenham lido a respeito no <A href="http://wings.buffalo.edu/linguistics/ssila/bulletins/bulletin/bull202.pdf">boletim</A> da SSILA).</FONT></DIV>
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<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2>Estou transcrevendo abaixo minha <A href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0312&L=endangered-languages-l&D=1&F=&S=&P=1319">contribuição</A> àquela discussão, lidando, entre outros assuntos, com os equívocos do Ethnologue no que diz respeito à língua Ofayé (que pretendo documentar e descrever sob os auspícios do <A href="http://www.hrelp.org/proj_ofaye.htm">Endangered Languages Documentation Programme</A>).</FONT></DIV>
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<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2>Esta e outras <A href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A1=ind0312&L=endangered-languages-l">mensagens</A> podem ser lidas na página da Linguist List, que hospeda a lista Endangered Languages. Aos colegas interessados em assinar a lista, dêem um pulo até o seguinte endereço:</FONT></DIV>
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<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2><A href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/endangered-languages-l.html">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/endangered-languages-l.html</A></FONT></DIV>
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<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2>Abraços,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2>Eduardo</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2>-----------------------</FONT></DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2></FONT>
<DIV><BR>Hello everybody,</DIV><FONT face=Verdana size=2></FONT>
<DIV><BR>Thanks to Russell Bernard for bringing up this important distinction. A number of Brazilian indigenous languages indeed have orthographies, introduced mostly by missionaries, but this doesn't necessarily mean that writing in the native languages became a tradition. This is due to a number of factors, including poorly developed orthographies (due to a misunderstanding of the language's phonology). <BR><BR>Among the Karajá, for example (for whom there is an orthography developed by SIL members), writing is generally a 'school thing,' and rarely acquires any social or professional use beyond that. Once a student is out of the village school (where teaching in the native language goes up to 4th grade), there is virtually no use for reading or writing in Karajá, unless one is to become a teacher at the village school or a linguistic consultant (very limited job markets, as you could imagine).<BR><BR>The Karajá example also suggests that availability of the
gospel in a language as an indicator of functioning literacy is a criterion of rather relative value. There is a translation of the New Testament in Karajá, but very few people read it, even among those who were converted into Pentecostal denominations. This may again be due to a number of combined factors, including, of course, linguistic ones. The few people who are familiar with the New Testament in Karajá told me that "that is not their real language." They can't make much sense of it, and commonly poke fun at what seems to be considered 'clumsy' metaphors to render biblical concepts into Karajá.<BR><BR>As for 'extinct' languages which aren't really so (fortunately!), I would like to give another South American example: Ofayé (language code OPY). Although it is listed as extinct by the Ethnologue, this language (which I'll be studying in a ELDP-supported documentation project) has around fifteen speakers. Although I wouldn't question the
overall usefulness of the Ethnologue, I'm afraid it has some inherent flaws which are maybe a consequence of its missionary background. The catalogue relies heavily on the work of SIL members, mostly ignoring the work of non-SIL researchers (at least for the languages with which I'm familiar). Ofayé was declared 'extinct' by an SIL missionary more than three decades ago, although further research by non-SIL linguists in the subsequent decades--and most importantly, the tireless campaigning of the Ofayé leaders for ethnic recognition--have proven that the language is still spoken.<BR><BR>These were my two South American 'centavos'... Thanks for the interesting discussion.<BR></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Sincerely,<BR><BR>Eduardo<BR></DIV>
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<P>----- Original Message -----<BR>From: "H. Russell Bernard" <ufruss@UFL.EDU><BR>To: <ENDANGERED-LANGUAGES-L@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG><BR>Sent: Friday, December 05, 2003 5:45 PM<BR>Subject: written form<BR>
<P><BR>
<P><BR>> Michal Brody wrote, in response to Alsadair McCleod's query:<BR>><BR>> >> Fishman 1999 (Handbook of lg & ethnic identity) claims 25% of world<BR>lgs<BR>> now have writing. Don't know how he arrived at that number, though.<BR>><BR>> this brings up an important distinction between having an orthography and<BR>> having a tradition of printed literature. many languages of the world have
<P><BR>> writing, in the sense that at least one orthography has been proposed by a
<P><BR>> linguist, bilingual educator, missionary, or local language committee.<BR>><BR>> few languages of the world, however, have printed literary traditions,<BR>with<BR>> continual production of affordable reading materials. of the 6129<BR>languages<BR>> in the ethnologue for which data on the number of speakers is available,<BR>> just 331 (around 5%) are spoken by at least one million people. those 331<BR>> languages are spoken by a total of about 5.6 billion people out of about<BR>> 6.3 billion people in the world. thus, about 89% of the world's people<BR>> speak 5% of the world's languages. turn it around for a more dramatic<BR>> outcome: 11% of the world's people speak about 95% of the world's<BR>languages.<BR>><BR>> taking this one step further, 1742 of the 6129 languages for which the<BR>> number of speakers is estimated in the ethnologue (28% of all languages)<BR>> are spoken by just 1000 or fewer speakers. the total number of
speakers<BR>for<BR>> these 1742 languages is about 600,000. in other words, 0.0001 (one<BR>> hundredth of one percent) of the world's people speak about 28% of the<BR>> world's languages. it's a good bet that the vast majority of those<BR>> languages have no literary tradition, even if someone has produced an<BR>> orthography or a dictionary or a grammar or translations of the<BR>> judeo-christian bible or other sacred texts.<BR>><BR>> for more on the power of print for small language communities, please see:<BR>> <A href="http://nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu/~ufruss/commodit.html">http://nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu/~ufruss/commodit.html</A><BR>><BR>><BR>> russ bernard<BR>><BR>> H. Russell Bernard<BR>> Professor of Anthropology<BR>> University of Florida</P></DIV></DIV><BR><BR><DIV><FONT face=verdana>---------------------------------------</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=verdana>Eduardo Rivail Ribeiro <BR>Department of Linguistics/University of Chicago <BR>Museu Antropológico/Universidade Federal de Goiás <BR></FONT><A href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org"><FONT face=verdana>http://www.etnolinguistica.org</FONT></A><FONT face=verdana> </FONT></DIV><p><hr SIZE=1>
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