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<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2">NewScientist (</FONT><A href="http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn11215"><FONT face="Arial" size="2">http://environment.<wbr>newscientist.<wbr>com/article/<wbr>dn11215</FONT></A><FONT face="Arial" size="2">)</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2"><STRONG><FONT size="3">Endangered languages encode
plant and animal knowledge<BR></FONT></STRONG><FONT size="1">17:32 19 February
2007 <BR>NewScientist.<wbr>com news service <BR><EM>Gaia Vince, San
Francisco</EM></FONT></FONT></DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2"></FONT>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2"></FONT><BR><FONT face="Arial" size="2">Saving
indigenous languages from extinction is the only way to preserve traditional
knowledge about plants and animals that have yet to be discovered by Western
scientists, says a linguist and cultural expert.<BR></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2">More than half of the word's 7000 languages are
endangered, because they consist of an unsustainably small – and declining –
speaker base. Each language death represents a significant erosion of human
knowledge about local plant and animal life that was acquired over many
centuries, says David Harrison at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania,
US.<BR></FONT><FONT face="Arial" size="2"></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2">Information about local ecosystems is so
intricately woven into these languages that it cannot be replaced simply through
translation, he explains. The indigenous taxonomy alone can provide a huge range
of information about species, which young speakers in these tribes acquire
instantly through learning the name.<BR>For example, the Siberian Todzhu tribe
has many different and complex names for reindeer, according to the animals'
life stages. What is called a "chary" by the Todzu, would be translated in
English as "a two-year-old male, un-castrated, rideable
reindeer".<BR></font></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2"><STRONG>Trout or salmon?<BR></STRONG></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2">Other indigenous taxonomy includes important detail
about the genetic relationships between species of agricultural value, animal
behaviour and other ethnobotanic or zoologic knowledge.<BR>Scientists wishing to
learn more about species in remote places should liaise with the people who have
lived alongside them for centuries, Harrison says. The information contained in
the words used to describe and group them might take many years to determine in
the lab, he adds.<BR></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2">For example, two types of trout-like fish, called
steelhead trout and cutthroat trout in English, are labelled as being types of
salmon in the language of the Halkomelem Musqueam tribe of British Columbia in
Canada. Genetic analysis has shown that they are in fact of the salmon genus,
and not trout at all.<BR></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2"><STRONG>Cryptic species</STRONG><BR></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2">Only around 20% of the world's plant and animal
life has been officially classified, according to Edward O Wilson, at Harvard
University in Massachusetts, US. But much of the remaining 80% is known, he
believes - just not to scientists in the West.<BR></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2">Some of these "unknown" species include so-called
cryptic species, in which one species turns out to be many more. An example of
this is the neotropical skipper butterfly, Astraptes fulgerator, which despite
looking identical, turned out to be 10 distinct species after DNA analysis
(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol 101, p 14812). The
language of the local Costa Rican tribe where the butterfly is found, has a
different name for the larvae of each of the 10 species, Harrison points
out.<BR></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Arial" size="2">David Harrison spoke at the American Association
for the Advancement of Science meeting in San Francisco, California, on
Saturday.</FONT></DIV>
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