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<H1 class="story"><FONT size="4">Anthropologist Finds Earliest Evidence Of Maize
Farming In Mexico</FONT></H1>
<DIV class="story"><FONT size="1">
<P><FONT size="2">April 10, 2007</FONT></P>
<P>[<A href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070409181647.htm">http://www.scienced<wbr>aily.com/<wbr>releases/<wbr>2007/04/07040918<wbr>1647.htm</A>]</P></FONT></DIV><!-- BODY BEGIN -->
<P class="first"><EM><A style="COLOR: rgb(102,102,102);TEXT-DECORATION: none;" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/">Science Daily</A> —</EM> A Florida State
University anthropologist has new evidence that ancient farmers in Mexico were
cultivating an early form of maize, the forerunner of modern corn, about 7,300
years ago - 1,200 years earlier than scholars previously thought.<!-- Originally posted on ScienceDaily 2007-04-10 --></P><!-- IMAGE END -->
<P>Professor Mary Pohl conducted an analysis of sediments in the Gulf Coast of
Tabasco, Mexico, and concluded that people were planting crops in the "New
World" of the Americas around 5,300 B.C. The analysis extends Pohl's previous
work in this area and validates principles of microfossil data collection.</P>
<P>The results of Pohl's study, which she conducted along with Dolores R.
Piperno of the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. and the
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in the Republic of Panama, Kevin O. Pope
of Geo Arc Research and John G. Jones of Washington State University, will be
published in the April 9-13 edition of the journal Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences.</P>
<P>"This research expands our knowledge on the transition to agriculture in
Mesoamerica,<wbr>" Pohl said. "These are significant new findings that fill out
knowledge of the patterns of early farming. It expands on research that
demonstrates that maize spread quickly from its hearth of domestication in
southwest Mexico to southeast Mexico and other tropical areas in the New World
including Panama and South America."</P>
<P>The shift from foraging to the cultivation of food was a significant change
in lifestyle for these ancient people and laid the foundation for the later
development of complex society and the rise of the Olmec civilization, Pohl
said. The Olmecs predated the better known Mayans by about 1,000 years.</P>
<P>"Our study shows that these early maize cultivators located themselves on
barrier islands between the sea and coastal lagoons, where they could continue
to fish as well as grow crops," she said.</P>
<P>During her field work in Tabasco seven years ago, Pohl found traces of pollen
from primitive maize and evidence of forest clearing dating to about 5,100 B.C.
Pohl's current study analyzed phytoliths, the silica structure of the plant,
which puts the date of the introduction of maize in southeastern Mexico 200
years earlier than her pollen data indicated. It also shows that maize was
present at least a couple hundred years before the major onset of forest
clearing. Traces of charcoal found in the soil in 2000 indicated the ancient
farmers used fire to clear the fields on beach ridges to grow the crops.</P>
<P>"This significant environmental impact of maize cultivation was surprisingly
early," she said. "Scientists are still considering the impact of tropical
agriculture and forest clearing, now in connection with global warming."</P>
<P>The phytolith study also was able to confirm that the plant was, in fact,
domesticated maize as opposed to a form of its ancestor, a wild grass known as
teosinte. Pohl and her colleagues were unable to make the distinction after the
pollen study. Primitive maize was probably domesticated from teosinte and
transported to the Gulf Coast lowlands where it was cultivated, according to
Pohl.</P>
<P>The discovery of cultivated maize in Tabasco, a tropical lowland area of
Mexico, challenges previously held ideas that Mesoamerican farming originated in
the semi-arid highlands of Mexico and shows an early exchange of food
plants.</P>
<P>Pohl's PNAS article also addresses misconceptions about the paleoecological
method, which recovers microfossil evidence, such as pollen, starch grains, or
phytoliths, as opposed to macrofossils or whole plant parts, such as maize cobs.
Pohl and her colleagues argue that contamination of samples through the
geological processes of sediment mixing is more likely to occur with
macrofossils than microfossils.</P>
<P>The National Science Foundation and the Foundation for the Advancement of
Mesoamerican Studies funded the research.</P>
<P><EM>Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by Florida
State University.</EM></P></FONT></DIV>
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