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<DIV class="headline"><SPAN class="headlinetext">A edição do <EM>International
Herald Tribune </EM>de hoje traz uma matéria (transcrita abaixo) sobre a
diversidade lingüística do Suriname e as dificuldades em se estabelecer uma
língua oficial que satisfaça as diversas etnias do país (entre elas,
brasileiros -- que, segundo a matéria, constituem dez porcento da
população). </SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class="headline"><SPAN class="headlinetext"></SPAN><SPAN class="headlinetext"> </SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class="headline"><SPAN class="headlinetext"><A href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/03/23/america/suriname.php">http://www.iht.<wbr>com/articles/<wbr>2008/03/23/<wbr>america/suriname<wbr>.php</A></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class="headline"><SPAN class="headlinetext"></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV class="headline"><SPAN class="headlinetext">------------<wbr>-----</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class="headline"><STRONG><SPAN class="headlinetext">Suriname, a land of many
tongues, seeks its own</SPAN> </STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class="bylinetext">By Simon Romero<BR></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV class="pubdate"><SPAN class="pubdatetext">Sunday, March 23, 2008</SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV class="bodytextdiv">
<P><STRONG>PARAMARIBO, Suriname:</STRONG> Walk into a government office here and
you will be greeted in Dutch, the official language. But in a reflection of the
astonishing diversity of this South American nation, Surinamese speak more than
10 other languages, including variants of Chinese, Hindi, Javanese and half a
dozen original Creoles.</P>
<P>Making matters more complex, English is also beamed into homes on television,
and Portuguese is the fastest-growing language thanks to an influx of immigrants
from Brazil in recent years. And one language stands above all others as the
lingua franca: Sranan Tongo (meaning "Suriname tongue"), a resilient Creole
developed by African slaves in the 17th century.</P>
<P>So which language should Suriname's 470,000 people speak? Therein lies a
dilemma for this country, which is still fiercely debating its national identity
after just three decades of independence from the Netherlands.</P>
<P>"We shook off the chains of Dutch colonialism in the 1970s, but our
consciousness remains colonized by the Dutch language," said Paul Middellijn,
58, a writer who composes poetry in Sranan Tongo.</P>
<P>Nevertheless, Middellijn said, English should be declared Suriname's national
language, a position shared by many Surinamese who want stronger links to the
Caribbean and North America. "Sranan will survive because nothing can replace it
as the language of the street," he said.</P>
<P>"It is a form of communication perfect not just for poets but for the Chinese
groceryman or Brazilian miner who arrived a few months ago," he continued. "Are
they going to go through the trouble of learning Dutch? No way."</P>
<P>The flexibility of Sranan, as it is commonly known, enabled it to evolve into
the country's most widely spoken language. Based largely on English, it
crystallized here before the Dutch traded New York with the British for Suriname
in the 17th century; the colonial powers switched places, but the slave
populations did not.</P>
<P>Sranan developed an overlay of words from Dutch, Portuguese and West African
languages. Today, Surinamese speak it interchangeably with Dutch, depending on
the formality of the setting.</P>
<P>For instance, lawyers use Dutch in court proceedings, while shoppers use
Sranan to bargain for fish in the market. Jokes and rap music are often made in
Sranan, dismissively called Taki-Taki (derived from the English "talky talky")
in the past, but at cocktail parties diplomats struggle with Dutch and get by in
English.</P>
<P>"I do not speak Sranan," said Suprijanto Muhadi, the ambassador from
Indonesia, the former Dutch colony that sent Javanese laborers here until the
eve of World War II. "But a manservant I brought from Indonesia a year ago
picked it up much easier than Dutch."</P>
<P>The use of Sranan became associated with nationalist politics after Desi
Bouterse, a former dictator, began using Sranan in his speeches in the 1980s.
The slogan of Bouterse's National Democratic Party, the biggest in Suriname,
remains "Let a faya baka!" Sranan for "Turn the lights back on!" or,
figuratively, get things working again.</P>
<P>But even though relations with the Netherlands are tepid, Dutch is taught in
schools rather than Sranan. In 2004, Suriname became an associate member of
Taalunie, a Dutch language association including the Netherlands and Belgian
Flanders.</P>
<P>Meanwhile, amid periodic bursts of debate in Parliament to change the
national language to English or even Spanish, other languages here are thriving
because of their use by the descendants of escaped slaves and indentured
laborers brought here by the Dutch.</P>
<P>To get a sense of the Babel of languages here, just stroll through the
capital.</P>
<P>Slip into one of the Indonesian eateries known as warungs to hear Javanese,
spoken by about 15 percent of the population. Choose a roti shop, with its
traditional Indian bread, to listen to Surinamese Hindi, spoken by the
descendants of 19th-century Indian immigrants, who make up more than a third of
the population. And merchants throughout Paramaribo speak Chinese, even though
the number of Chinese immigrants is small.</P>
<P>The linguistic diversity that makes Suriname exceptional also isolates it
from its own hemisphere.</P>
<P>Paramaribo, unlike many other regional capitals, has no direct flights to
large cities like Miami or São Paulo. Instead, airlines fly to Curaçao in the
Dutch Antilles or to Amsterdam - places with communities of Surinamese
immigrants.</P>
<P>Dutch had a stronger presence in rural communities before a civil war from
1986 to 1991 destroyed many schools. As a result, Sranan became even more
critical for interethnic communication once peace was restored.</P>
<P>For a glimpse into Suriname's linguistic future, visit Belenzinho, a
neighborhood with several thousand Brazilian immigrants, many of them gold
miners. The storefront signs are in Portuguese instead of Dutch or Chinese.
Suriname has some 50,000 Brazilians, more than 10 percent of the population.</P>
<P>"All I need is Portuguese, since my world is Brazilian," said Ivanildo Vieira
Cardoso, 38, a miner from northeast Brazil.</P>
<P>Whether Portuguese blends into Sranan or vice versa, scholars contend that
linguistic choices here reflect a tension beneath the surface of a nationalist
ethos that shuns ethnic identity for unity.</P>
<P>Resentment has emerged against Chinese and Brazilians, recent immigrant
groups that are economically successful. And because Sranan is the native
language for Creoles in and near Paramaribo, groups like the Maroons, descended
from runaway slaves, might chafe at making it the national language.</P>
<P>"Is it a language that unifies us or separates us because it is associated
with Creoles?" asked Paul Tjon Sien Fat, a Surinamese linguist at the University
of Amsterdam. "In our mind-set, Sranan is black and Dutch is white. Suriname
could not function without Sranan, but this is still an obstacle in formalizing
its acceptance for many Surinamese."</P>
<P>Faced with such quandaries, inertia may rule. If so, while Dutch would remain
official, English is likely to gain ground. That seems to be the outcome
reflected in bookstores here, with titles in Dutch and English far outnumbering
books in Sranan, mainly bibles and poetry, which have gained a toehold among
readers.</P>
<P>But even bookstore owners profess their love of Sranan. "Sranan is very
smooth, with so many influences from everywhere, something that is purely and
emotionally Surinamese," said Debora van Etten, 46, a bookseller in Paramaribo's
old city. "Taking Sranan to the next level would be bold," she said, "but for so
many of us it would be a very big jump."</P></DIV></FONT></DIV>
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