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<p>The New York Times<br>
June 7, 2008<br>
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/07/world/americas/07tupac.html">http://www.nytimes.<wbr>com/2008/<wbr>06/07/world/<wbr>americas/<wbr>07tupac.html</a><br>
------------<br>
<br>
The Saturday Profile<br>
<br>
Armed With a Pen, and Ready to Save the Incas' Mother Tongue<br>
<br>
By SIMON ROMERO<br>
<br>
CALLAO, Peru<br>
<br>
"SOMEWHERE in La Mancha, in a place whose name I do not care to<br>
remember, a gentleman lived not long ago."<br>
<br>
Simple enough, right? But not for Demetrio Túpac Yupanqui.<br>
<br>
Instead, he regales visitors to his home here in this gritty port city<br>
on Lima's edge with his Quechua version of the opening words of "Don<br>
Quixote": "Huh k'iti, la Mancha llahta suyupin, mana yuyarina<br>
markapin, yaqa kay watakuna kama, huh axllasqa wiraqucha."<br>
<br>
Mr. Túpac Yupanqui, theologian, professor, adviser to presidents and,<br>
now, at the sunset of his long life, a groundbreaking translator of<br>
Cervantes, greets the perplexed reactions to these words with a wide<br>
smile.<br>
<br>
"When people communicate in Quechua, they glow," said Mr. Túpac<br>
Yupanqui, who at 85 still appears before his pupils each day in a<br>
tailored dark suit. "It is a language that persists five centuries<br>
after the conquistadors arrived. We cannot let it die."<br>
<br>
Once the lingua franca of the Inca empire, Quechua has long been in<br>
decline. But thanks to Mr. Túpac Yupanqui and others, Quechua, which<br>
remains the most widely spoken indigenous language in the Americas, is<br>
winning some new respect.<br>
<br>
Mr. Túpac Yupanqui's elegant translation of a major portion of "Don<br>
Quixote" has been celebrated as a pioneering development for Quechua,<br>
which in many far-flung areas remains an oral language. While the<br>
Incas spoke Quechua, they had no written alphabet, leaving perplexed<br>
archaeologists to wonder how they managed to assemble and run an<br>
empire without writing.<br>
<br>
SINCE the Spanish conquest, important writing in Quechua has emerged,<br>
but linguists and Quechua speakers hope that the new version of "Don<br>
Quixote" will be a step toward forming a public culture in the<br>
language, through Quechua magazines, television and books, that will<br>
keep its speakers engaged with the wider world.<br>
<br>
After centuries of retreat in the Andes, Mr. Túpac Yupanqui's efforts<br>
in fortifying Quechua, through teaching and translating, are being<br>
complemented by various other ventures.<br>
<br>
Microsoft has released translations of its software in Quechua,<br>
recognizing the importance of five million or so speakers of the<br>
language in Peru and millions elsewhere in the Andes, mainly in<br>
Bolivia and Ecuador. Not to be outdone, Google has a version of its<br>
search engine in Quechua even if some linguists say that these<br>
projects were carried out more for corporate image polishing than for<br>
practical reasons.<br>
<br>
The workings of Andean democracy are also reminding the world of<br>
Quechua's importance. The government of President Evo Morales of<br>
Bolivia, for instance, is trying to make fluency in Quechua or another<br>
indigenous language mandatory in the civil service.<br>
<br>
Here in Peru, two legislators from the highlands have begun using<br>
Quechua on the floor of congress. And President Alan García signed a<br>
law prohibiting discrimination based on language, even though its<br>
precise workings remain unclear.<br>
<br>
These are small steps for a language threatened by the dominance of<br>
both Spanish and English amid Peru's feverish link-up with the global<br>
economy following a bloody civil war in the last decades of the 20th<br>
century. Few people have toiled as long and hard as Mr. Túpac Yupanqui<br>
to give Quechua a fighting chance to survive a few centuries longer.<br>
<br>
Mr. Túpac Yupanqui's fascination with languages began in Cuzco, once<br>
the administrative center of the Incas, where he learned Latin and<br>
Greek as a young seminarian. He quickly seized on the importance of<br>
his native Quechua while traveling with priests to rural areas where<br>
they used the language in their sermons.<br>
<br>
The son of a local politician, he was born in one of those highland<br>
villages, San Jerónimo, where Quechua surnames are common: Pachacútec,<br>
Sinchi Roca, Lloque Yupanqui and, of course, his own, Túpac Yupanqui,<br>
which is thought to illustrate lineage to Inca royalty. (Another<br>
esteemed Quechua name, that of Túpac Amaru, the Inca leader who led a<br>
16th century rebellion against the Spanish, served as the inspiration<br>
for the name of Tupac Shakur, the rapper and actor who died in a<br>
drive-by shooting in 1996.)<br>
<br>
Mr. Túpac Yupanqui might have remained in the highlands if not for a<br>
youthful philosophical quandary about Europeanized rational thought<br>
and spreading the word of God, which led him to abandon his clerical<br>
studies. "I simply decided that speaking about Descartes was not going<br>
to serve the Andean world," he said.<br>
<br>
So he moved to Lima and took up journalism. In the 1950s, he began<br>
writing a column for La Prensa, then an influential newspaper. He<br>
wrote often about the richness and subtleties of Quechua, a language<br>
long scorned by the light-skinned coastal elite.<br>
<br>
Interest in his columns encouraged him to open Yachay Wasi, or "House<br>
of Learning," an academy for studying Quechua, in the mid-1960s. The<br>
timing was propitious.<br>
<br>
In 1968, a group of leftist military officers led by Gen. Juan Velasco<br>
Alvarado staged a coup. General Velasco's government, an anomaly in an<br>
era when right-wing dictators ruled much of South America, promoted<br>
equal rights for indigenous groups and decreed Quechua to be on an<br>
equal legal footing with Spanish.<br>
<br>
The classroom of Mr. Túpac Yupanqui, who was asked in 1975 to<br>
translate Peru's national anthem into Quechua, bulged at the time with<br>
students from Peru and afar. He taught military officers, civil<br>
servants and a few foreign adventurers who took an interest in Peru's<br>
indigenous peasants.<br>
<br>
BUT three decades after the leftist generals made Quechua an official<br>
language, little linguistically is remembered by Spanish-speaking city<br>
folk about the Velasco years, which ended in 1975.<br>
<br>
"A language cannot become official if a country is unprepared to train<br>
its schoolteachers to lecture in it," said Mr. Túpac Yupanqui, who<br>
advised General Velasco on some of the policies. "No language is given<br>
life through something as fleeting as a decree."<br>
<br>
Mr. Túpac Yupanqui soldiered on after that earlier idealistic push for<br>
Quechua. After a stint in politics as spokesman for President Fernando<br>
Belaúnde Terry in the early 1980s, he returned to teaching Quechua at<br>
his one-room academy on the second floor of his home, where he still<br>
lives with some of his nine children.<br>
<br>
He also continued making translations into Quechua, completing in 2006<br>
his work on "Don Quixote," a rare accomplishment in what has<br>
essentially been an oral language for more than a thousand years.<br>
<br>
"The translation of 'Quixote' is important not as a curiosity, but as<br>
a sign of what is to be done on a broader scale in the Andean<br>
republics if Quechua speakers are to be brought fully into their<br>
respective national communities,<wbr>" said Bruce Mannheim, an<br>
anthropologist at the University of Michigan who specializes in<br>
Quechua.<br>
<br>
Indeed, the intricacies of the translation were celebrated by<br>
linguists and literary critics alike, recognizing the challenges<br>
involved in translating the antiquated Spanish of Cervantes into a<br>
living language that, somewhat like Chinese or Arabic, has diverging<br>
dialects that can be mutually unintelligible.<br>
<br>
Mr. Túpac Yupanqui's eyes still light up when he discusses the grammar<br>
of Quechua (seven pronouns!) and what can be done to make it more<br>
resilient, like more radio projects and teaching it in schools<br>
alongside English.<br>
<br>
"If Latin is said to be the language of the angels, then Quechua is<br>
the language for expressing the subtleties of existence on Earth," he<br>
said. "That is why it is still alive."<br>
</p>
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padding-right: .5em;
}
#ygrp-vital ul li .cat{
font-weight: bold;
}
#ygrp-vital a{
text-decoration: none;
}
#ygrp-vital a:hover{
text-decoration: underline;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #hd{
color: #999;
font-size: 77%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov{
padding: 6px 13px;
background-color: #e0ecee;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov ul{
padding: 0 0 0 8px;
margin: 0;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov li{
list-style-type: square;
padding: 6px 0;
font-size: 77%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov li a{
text-decoration: none;
font-size: 130%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #nc{
background-color: #eee;
margin-bottom: 20px;
padding: 0 8px;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad{
padding: 8px 0;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad #hd1{
font-family: Arial;
font-weight: bold;
color: #628c2a;
font-size: 100%;
line-height: 122%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad a{
text-decoration: none;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad a:hover{
text-decoration: underline;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad p{
margin: 0;
}
o{font-size: 0; }
.MsoNormal{
margin: 0 0 0 0;
}
#ygrp-text tt{
font-size: 120%;
}
blockquote{margin: 0 0 0 4px;}
.replbq{margin:4}
-->
</style>
</head>
<!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEnd|**|-~-->
</html><!--End group email -->