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<p>Hello, folks. I've started finding highly conserved terminology in the Americas related to life-forces and spirituality that seems to have gone unnoticed by Americanists (if I'm wrong please correct me). The terms for 'alive', 'spirit power', and 'wizard' are often etymologically related, and appear to be constructed nearly identically in quite a few different families on both continents. Because of historical changes, many of these might be less likely to be discovered.<br>
<br>
My coverage is relatively spotty, especially as regards Meso- and South American languages. If you know the relevant terminology, and morpological analysis if available, I'd be very grateful to see it.<br>
<br>
Here is a sample of what I'm talking about:<br>
<br>
Salishan (Kuipers):<br>
<br>
*kwvlx (kw labiovelar, v schwa, x palatized velar fricative)<br>
<br>
Bella Coola hlukwala student of supernatural power, shaman to be<br>
[Sechelt syaykwhl Indian doctor]<br>
Upper Chehalis -ikwashi/-ikwlishi, -kwlsh spirit power, "hlakwillix" id.<br>
Shuswap t'vkwilx shaman<br>
Columbian tl'a7kwilx (7 glottal stop) shaman<br>
Colville tl'a7kwilx shaman<br>
Spokane tl'e7kwilsh shaman<br>
Coeur D'Alene t'e7kwilsh shaman<br>
<br>
North Wakashan:<br>
<br>
Heiltsuk hlugwala person with supernatural powers (esp. e.g. a shaman)<br>
<br>
Yanomami hayakoari supernatural<br>
<br>
Aymara laik'a witch<br>
<br>
Yahgan yekamush shaman (sh alternates with r, m with w)<br>
ya:pa:chal spirit power<br>
hauachiella spirit power<br>
ushwoala lads from 12 to 17 under discipline in connection with the ki:na rites<br>
<br>
Gununa Kuna akoa'hvlu witch (transciption approximate here)<br>
<br>
Muskogean:<br>
<br>
Koasati athollo witch, sorcerer<br>
<br>
California Penutian:<br>
<br>
Wintu hlahit an Indian doctor, shaman (m. or f., particular aspect)<br>
7aychiwih doctor with the sucker spirit<br>
yapaytu supernatural; monster, ghost, spirit, shamanistic guardian spirit; dead ones<br>
yoh shaman novice (particular aspect)<br>
yopit prophesy (particular aspect noun), yupaa speak prophetically<br>
<br>
Wappo approx. yaummto doctor<br>
<br>
I have quite a few other terms here.<br>
<br>
Then note:<br>
<br>
Yucatec Mayan tuukul thought, reason wayak' dream -waay- ghost, spirit, naay dream<br>
<br>
Iroquoian:<br>
Oneida -7nikuhl- mind, spirit -uNhe- life<br>
Onondaga -7niguNhr- mind, thought -uNhe- live, be alive<br>
Cayuga (7)nigoNh(a)<wbr>N- mind<br>
Tuscarora -eNhe- life, health<br>
<br>
Siouan:<br>
Hidatsa raaxi ghost, spirit ni live, exist<br>
Dakota naGi ni<br>
Osage1 noNxe ni<br>
<br>
Tacana enid'u espiritu, animo<br>
Aymara ajayu espiritu, animo<br>
Yahgan abaila health, strength, life, achawaia spirit, soul, life<br>
<br>
Salishan *7vli/hvli life, spirit s7vli(ye) lay spirit power, dream vision, guardian spirit shxwvli life, soul<br>
<br>
Mutsun nossow spirit (<? nosso-pu to breathe) puuyis witchcraft 7istu-n- to dream <br>
Nisenan nedii dream 7ys devil wilik' show signs of life, move as if alive wadaa to be alive<br>
<br>
Huitoto Murui ainyo bruja, aima brujo<br>
<br>
Please let me know what you've got, and thanks for your efforts.<br>
<br>
Jess Tauber<br>
<a href="mailto:phonosemantics%40earthlink.net">phonosemantics@<wbr>earthlink.<wbr>net</a><br>
<br>
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