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<p class="MsoNormal"><tt><span style="font-size:10.0pt;" lang="PT-BR">Jornal da Ciência (JC E-Mail), Edição 4480 - Notícias
de C&T - Serviço da SBPC,19 de abril de 2012</span></tt></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><tt><span style="font-size:10.0pt;" lang="PT-BR"> </span></tt></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><tt><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="PT-BR"><br></span></tt></p><p class="MsoNormal"><tt><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="PT-BR"><br></span></tt></p><p class="MsoNormal"><tt><span style="font-size:10.0pt;" lang="PT-BR">Indígenas em 80,5% das cidades brasileiras</span></tt><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";" lang="PT-BR"><br>
<br>
<tt><span>Além
de ter praticamente triplicado, entre 1991 e 2010, a população indígena no
Brasil, que estava presente em 34,5% dos municípios há cerca de 20 anos, agora
vive em 80,5% das cidades. São 817 mil pessoas, que representam 0,4% dos
brasileiros. </span></tt><br>
<tt><span>Os
dados, divulgados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE)
às vésperas do Dia do Índio, comemorado hoje (19), podem ser explicados por
dois motivos, na avaliação de Cleber Buzatto, secretário executivo do Conselho
Indigenista Missionários (Cimi). Ele aponta uma alta taxa de fecundidade entre
os indígenas que chega a ser o dobro da média do País - de menos de dois filhos
por mulher -, e um cenário favorável para a autodeclaração, que é a forma como
o IBGE colheu a informação relacionada à raça durante as entrevistas do Censo
2010.</span></tt><br>
<tt><span> </span></tt><br>
<tt><span>"A
partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, que proporcionou a esses indivíduos um
ambiente menos hostil, reconhecendo sua língua, cultura e tradições, eles
puderam afirmar sua identidade étnica. Por outro lado, a demarcação de terras
indígenas, também provocada por direitos previstos na Carta Magna, criou um
ambiente econômico e cultural favorável ao aumento da taxa de natalidade",
explica Buzzato.</span></tt><br>
<tt><span> </span></tt><br>
<tt><span>Hoje
há mais indígenas na zona rural (502 mil) que em áreas urbanas (315 mil).
"A mudança na autodeclaração é uma hipótese bem plausível. A gente percebe
que houve ligeira redução de indígenas na área urbana, enquanto na zona rural
houve significativo aumento. Nas zonas rurais, as mulheres ainda têm alta taxa
de fecundidade", diz a pesquisadora do IBGE, Nilza Pereira.</span></tt><br>
<tt><span> </span></tt><br>
<tt><span>O
Nordeste é a região que mais sentiu a presença dos indígenas nas últimas
décadas. Lá, havia somente 29% dos municípios com pelo menos um índio
autodeclarado em 1991. No Censo de 2010 essa proporção atingiu 78,9%. Eles
estão sobretudo na área urbana, provavelmente por terem migrado de estados como
Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, que tiveram perdas significativas de indígenas nos
últimos 20 anos.</span></tt><br>
<tt><span> </span></tt><br>
<tt><span>O
Norte, por sua vez, continua liderando em população indígena, presente em 90,2%
de seus municípios. A cidade com a maior proporção é Uiramutã, em Roraima, onde
88,1% dos moradores se autodeclararam índios. Na segunda colocação, está
Marcação (PB), com índice de 77,5%. São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM) tem 76,6%,
precedida no ranking por Baía da Traição (PB), com 71% de indígenas. Em quinto
lugar vem São João das Missões (MG), que tem 67,7% da população formada por
indígenas. Não foram considerados pelo IBGE índios que vivem isolados, conforme
política adotada pelo governo de não fazer contato com esses grupos. Dados mais
detalhados sobre os 817 mil indígenas brasileiros deverão ser divulgados pelo
órgão em julho deste ano.</span></tt><br>
<tt><span> </span></tt><br>
<tt><span>Reconhecimento
tardio - O ex-presidente da Fundação Nacional do Índio (Funai) e antropólogo da
Universidade Federal Fluminense Mércio Pereira Gomes lembra que nos últimos dez
anos alguns grupos sociais no Norte e Nordeste se reconheceram como indígenas.
"Como sociedades negras que depois se declararam quilombolas, havia grupos
sociais que nem falavam mais a língua indígena e depois se reconheceram como
etnia indígena. Isso ocorreu com os boraris, em Altamira, os anacés, em
Fortaleza, e os tabajaras, na Paraíba."</span></tt><br>
<tt><span> </span></tt><br>
<tt><span>O
coordenador do Programa de Estudos dos Povos Indígenas (Pró-Índio) da
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, José Ribamar Bessa, chama a atenção
para a necessidade de políticas públicas para o indígena que vive em zona
urbana. "Nós somos adestrados a não perceber essa população. A gente acha
que quem sai da aldeia deixa de ser índio. E não é assim. O alemão que mora no
Brasil não vira brasileiro. As cidades são o cemitério das línguas
indígenas", critica.</span></tt><br>
<tt><span> </span></tt><br>
<tt><span>Escolas
indígenas - O governo de São Paulo anunciou três novas escolas estaduais
indígenas. As novas unidades serão construídas em tribos guarani e tupi-guarani
em Itanhaém, Praia Grande e Peruíbe, no litoral, para atender 77 indígenas. O
estado ainda não tem o cronograma das obras. Os prédios melhorarão o
atendimento já feito. Em duas aldeias (Tangará e Nhamandu Mirim), as
construções vão substituir salas que eram vinculadas a outras escolas. Na Tekoá
Mirim, o prédio vai acolher 25 alunos que assistiam a aulas em uma unidade
improvisada. São Paulo tem 31 escolas indígenas, com material bilíngue e aulas
dadas por indígenas.</span></tt><br>
</span><tt><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">(JC com Agências de Notícias)</span></tt><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";"><br>
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