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<p><div style="color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-family:times new roman, new york, times, serif;font-size:14px;"><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_21899" dir="ltr"><span>Sérgio,</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_21900" dir="ltr"><span></span><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_21902" dir="ltr"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_21901">Entendo todas as considerações que fizeste a respeito das pesquisas em linguística histórica. É importante também deixar claro que a ciência trabalha com hipóteses. Neste sentido, nosso projeto é buscar compreender a natureza dos paralelos que estamos encontrando entre o Taruma e as línguas da família Chibcha; certamente, também trabalhamos com a possibilidade de que tudo seja fruto do acaso e em nenhum momento afirmamos que o Taruma seria uma língua Chibcha, apenas que estamos investigando possibilidades.</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_63946" dir="ltr"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_63947">Com relação aos contatos dos Taruma com outros povos sul-americanos, sim, com certeza estes empréstimos devem ter ocorrido em diferentes épocas da história dos Taruma, algumas delas obviamente pós-colombianas, como nos caso de "tesoura" e "pólvora". Entretanto, é interessante notar que utensílios e objetos de consumo tradicionais dos povos da região também parecem ter sido objetos de comércio pelos Taruma, como "animais selvagens", "flechas", "remos" e mesmo "machados" (de pedra). Eu citei os empréstimos encontrados por Loukotka apenas como ilustração de que os Taruma eram um povo comerciante, inclusive nos tempos coloniais, como apontam vários relatos históricos (Boomert 1977). A questão do termo Taruma é mesmo interessante. É possível que este exônimo tenha sido dado por falantes do nheengatu, já que esta foi a língua geral utilizada ao longo dos rios Negro e Amazonas no período colonial. Com relação à questão dos Taruma 'brasileiros' serem ou não do mesmo grupo étnico dos Taruma 'guyanenses', Boomert (1997:13) argumenta que "de acordo com vários escritores da primeira metade do século 19, uma parte dos Taruma teria fugido durante o século 18 do Rio Negro até o Alto Essequibo na Guiana devido ao mau tratamento que vinha recebendo dos Portugueses". Neste sentido, parece ter sim um vínculo histórico entre estes grupos. Além disto, os paralelos existentes entre o Taruma com línguas Mura-Pirahã e com línguas Arawá dão ainda mais suporte ao fato de que os Taruma da Guyana tenham originalmente vivido na região do baixo Rio Negro. Certamente, como eu já havia dito, ainda há muito para se investigar, mas a meu ver existem evidências importantes de que os Taruma circulavam pela região do baixo Rio Negro para comercializar, provavelmente também alcançando partes do baixo Amazonas, do baixo Madeira e do baixo Purús.</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_171572" dir="ltr"><span></span><br></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_171570" dir="ltr"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_190830">Abraços,</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_171571" dir="ltr"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_190829">Marcelo</span></div><div id="yui_3_16_0_1_1424957811490_50807" dir="ltr"><span></span><br></div><div dir="ltr"><span>Boomert, Arie. 1977. De Taruma: Een verdwenen Indianenstam uit Suriname. IROS 2. 13-17.</span></div> <div class="qtdSeparateBR"><br><br></div><div class="yahoo_quoted"> <div style="font-family: times new roman, new york, times, serif;font-size: 14px;"> <div style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;"> <div dir="ltr"> <font face="Arial" size="2"> Στις 10:42 π.μ. Πέμπτη, 26 Φεβρουαρίου 2015, ο/η "fedviges fedviges@uol.com.br [etnolinguistica]" <etnolinguistica@yahoogrupos.com.br> έγραψε:<br> </font> </div> <br><br> <div class="y_msg_container"><div id="yiv0145749036"><div>
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<div></div><div>Bom dia, amigos,</div>
<div>Visitem nosso site. Já está funiconando normalmente.</div>
<div>LALI/UFT</div>
<div>Nele contem nossas pesquisas com os povos Apinayé e Krahô</div>
<div>Prof.Dr. Francisco Edviges Albuquerque</div>
<div>Prof. Adjunto IV</div>
<div><span style="font-size: small;">fedviges@uol.com</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: small;">(63)2112-2215</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: small;">Coordenador do Laboratório de Línguas Indígenas/Araguaína<br clear="none">Coordenador do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas com Povos Indígenas-NEPPI/Araguaína</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: small;">Coordenador do Programa do Observatório da Educação /UFT/CAPES<br clear="none">Campus de Araguaína</span></div>
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<div><br clear="none"><strong>De:</strong> etnolinguistica@yahoogrupos.com.br<br clear="none"><strong>Enviada:</strong> Segunda-feira, 23 de Fevereiro de 2015 17:24<br clear="none"><strong>Para:</strong> etnolinguistica@yahoogrupos.com.br<br clear="none"><strong>Assunto:</strong> Res: Re: [etnolinguistica] Taruma?<br clear="none"><br clear="none"> <span> </span></div>
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<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_85432" dir="ltr">Olá Sérgio,</div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_86287" dir="ltr"> </div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_86286" dir="ltr">Há uma série de paralelos lexicais muito interessantes entre o Taruma e as línguas da família Chibcha. Matthias Pache, Eithne Carlin e eu vamos apresentar uma comunicação na 48ª Reunião Anual da Societas Europaea Linguistica, na qual avaliaremos a natureza destas semelhanças. Existe, neste sentido, a possibilidade de que o Taruma seja uma língua Chibcha. O Abstract desta comunicação segue abaixo.</div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_86447" dir="ltr">Um abraço,</div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_86582" dir="ltr"> </div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_86581" dir="ltr">Marcelo</div>
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<div align="center" id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295899" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;text-align: center;"><strong id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295898"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295897" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295896" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;font-weight: bold;">Exploring the possibilities of a link between Taruma and the Chibchan language family</span></span></strong></div>
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<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295894" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;" dir="ltr"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295928" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295927" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295851" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295956"> </span></span>Marcelo Jolkesky (Universidade de Brasília), </span></span><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295923" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295922" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">Matthias Pache (Universiteit Leiden), </span></span><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295926" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295925" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">Eithne Carlin (Universiteit Leiden)</span></span></div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295893" dir="ltr"> </div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295888" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295887" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295886" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295851" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295956"> </span></span>From a linguistic point of view, South America is certainly one of the most diverse parts of the world. For the eastern part of the continent the widespread Arawak, Cariban, Tupian, and Guaycuruan language families have already been established in the 18<sup>th</sup> century (see Gilij 1782). At present most of classificatory work still remains to be done in the western part of South America (see Adelaar & Muysken 2004:22-3). Nonetheless, this does not mean that no unexpected linguistic connections can be discovered for languages spoken in eastern South America. </span></span></div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295853" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295852" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295851" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295956"> </span>In this talk, we propose to compare Taruma, a language isolate from Guyana (formerly also spoken in northern Brazil), with the Chibchan language family, spoken in an area covering both northern South America and Central America. Chibchan languages have been compared with many different languages and language families of North, Meso- and South America (see, e.g., Jijón y Caamaño 1940-5, Greenberg 1987). Presenting data from Taruma, Loukotka (1949:58) parenthetically mentions two lexemes which resemble Chibchan forms, which he assumes to be possible borrowings in Taruma due to Chibchan influence. Nonetheless, the possibility and the nature of a<span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295973"> </span>connection of Chibchan and Taruma has never been <span>assessed more systematically</span>. This is astonishing, since there are some intriguing parallels attested in basic vocabulary indeed. Compare, for instance, Proto-Chibchan /*kṹ/ ‘louse’ (Constenla Umaña 1981:397), Taruma <em><span style="font-style: italic;">gu</span></em> ‘louse’; Proto-Chibchan /*bÌ-/ ‘star’ (Constenla Umaña 1981:416), Taruma <em id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295868"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295867" style="font-style: italic;">ɸiira</span></em> ‘star’; Proto-Chibcha /*kuí/ ‘arm’ (Constenla Umaña 361), Taruma <em id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295866"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295865" style="font-style: italic;">a-kuo</span></em> ‘arm’; Proto-Chibchan /*tu/ ‘tooth’ (Constenla Umaña 1981:424) (> Dorasque su ‘tooth’ (Lehmann 1920:163)), Taruma <em id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295879"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295878" style="font-style: italic;">a-su</span></em> ‘tooth’; Proto-Chibchan /*dù/ ‘bird’ (Constenla Umaña 1981:365) (> Dorasque <em id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295870"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295869" style="font-style: italic;">dul</span></em> ‘bird’ (Lehmann 1920:163), Atanques <em><span style="font-style: italic;">súri</span></em> ‘bird’ (Celedón 1892:592)), Taruma <em><span style="font-style: italic;">zuri</span></em> ‘bird’; Proto-Chibchan /*akIkI/ ‘old’ (Constenla Umaña 1981:403), Taruma <em id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295881"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295880" style="font-style: italic;">agigi</span></em> ‘grandmother’.</span></span></div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295816" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295815" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295814" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;"><span> </span>Parallels like these beg for further investigation. This talk discusses the possibility and the nature of a link between Taruma and Chibchan languages, mainly considering lexical data. In order to assess the parallels, the methods applied here are internal reconstruction and the comparative method.</span></span></div>
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<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295813" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span></div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295855" dir="ltr"> </div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295817" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">References:</span></span></div>
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<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295846" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">Adelaar, Willem F. H. with the collaboration of Pieter C. Muysken. 2004. The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span></span></div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295818" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">C</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">eledón, Rafael. </span></span><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295820" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: medium;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295819" lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1892. Vocabulario de la lengua de Atanques. In Actas del 8 Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, 591-599. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Paris.</span></span></div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295825" dir="ltr"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295845" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295844" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. 1981.Comparative Chibchan Phonology. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. </span></span></div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295833" dir="ltr"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295809" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295808" lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">Gilij, Filippo Salvadore. 1782. Saggio di storia Americana o sia storia naturale, civile, e sacra. De’regni, e delle provincie Spagnuole di Terra-ferma n’ell America meridionale. Tomo III. Della religione, e delle lingue degli Orinochesi, e di altri Americani. </span></span><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295991" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: medium;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295990" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Rome: Luigi Perego Erede Salvioni.</span></span></div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295983" dir="ltr"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295806" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295805" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">Greenberg, Joseph H. 1987. Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</span></span></div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295804" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto. </span></span><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295800" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: medium;"><span id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295799" lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1940–1945. El Ecuador interandino y occidental antes de la conquista castellana. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: medium;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana.</span></span></div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295984" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">Lehmann, Walther. 1920. Zentral-Amerika: Die Sprachen Zentral-Amerikas. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: medium;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">(I.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.</span></span></div>
<div id="yiv0145749036yui_3_16_0_1_1424699877159_295985" dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";font-size: small;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;font-size: 11pt;">Loukotka, Čestmír. 1949. La langue Taruma. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 38: 53-65</span></span></div>
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Enviado por: Marcelo Jolkesky <marjolkesky@yahoo.com.br> <hr style="height:2px ; border-width:0; color:#E3E3E3; background-color:#E3E3E3;">
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<a href="https://br.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/etnolinguistica/conversations/topics/4020;_ylc=X3oDMTM0aTg1OGloBF9TAzk3NDkwNDM3BGdycElkAzg5NzgzNTgEZ3Jwc3BJZAMyMTM3MTEzNDQ4BG1zZ0lkAzQwNDAEc2VjA2Z0cgRzbGsDdnRwYwRzdGltZQMxNDI0OTY1NTUwBHRwY0lkAzQwMjA-" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Mensagens neste tópico</a>
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