two questions

[Esa Itkonen]

First: Are there such (relatively recent) EXPERIMENTAL studies on the
understanding of the English passive that do not hide the amount of
individual variation? Second: Are there EXPERIMENTAL studies on how people
understand the logic of (or entailment relations between) deontic notions
(like 'if you MUST do x, then you MAY do x, but not vice versa')? (It is a
different matter that, according to one view, ordinary non-deontic
inferences may contain an implicit use of some deontic notions.) - Any help
is greatly appreciated.
Esa Itkonen