Germanic Toponymy in Portugal and Galicia

[ingemarn2000]

Dear Cossue!

Warmly welcome and thank you for an invaluable treasury of Germanic related words.

I agree that the Suevic influence i Portugal seems to have remained stable even after the Gothic conquering but this does not outrule the possibility that many of the personal  names you mention could have been Gothic as well. I have myself, when I was preparingt my dissertation  about the Goths, made some research of Gothic artefacts in both Asturias and Galizia and specially so in Léon, Astorga, Braga, Coimbra, Merida and Toledo. I mostly looked on Visigothic Stone Art and stelae and also Vadensiensic stelae. There indeed must be also Gothic influence there. Concerning the language in Portugal I noticed when listening to the conversation  of a group a bit from distant the sound was similar to e.g. Dutch - it means there is a kind of germanic sound melody over the language that is not extant in Spanish. The Suevic inheritance could be an explanation. 

Best greetings
Ingemar 


--- In gothic-l at yahoogroups.com, "o_cossue" <o.cossue at ...> wrote:
>
> 
> 
> Well, this was going to be some arguing about Suevic and Gothic toponymy
> in Spain and Portugal, though now I think it should be better my
> presentation to the Group. I'm Galician (NW Spain), I'm in my late
> thirties, and I'm an aficionado in old Galician onomastics, i.e. I love
> toponymy and anthroponymy, specially if they are older than a thousand
> years. Now, Galicia is pretty rich in a group of toponyms modeled around
> old Germanic names, and my interest in that particular group of toponyms
> have brought me here :-) Now let's go with what I had written... It's
> extensive, so I really hope you find it, at least, interesting.
> 
> There are in Galicia and Northern Portugal thousands of places with
> names containing Germanic elements, although most of these names have
> been generated from local Romance or Vulgar Latin, after Galicians
> adopted the anthroponyms of the Suevi -a single Germanic name with no
> cognomen or patronymic attached-  and some tens of words of their
> language. These toponyms were fist studied in the C18th by Martin
> Sarmiento, a Galician illustrated scholar who identified them correctly
> as Germanic (he was also the first person to point out some Germanisms
> of the Galician language like laverca 'lark', lobio 'framework
> supporting a vine, frequently in front of a house' -cf. lobby- or grova
> 'groove'). Latter, in the C20th they were studied by a large number of
> scholar, many of them Germans: W. Meyer-Lübke, J. Jungfer, G. Sachs,
> Leite de Vasconcellos, J. Piel and D. Kremer. Incidentally, Piel (you
> can reach his initial researches here:
> http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/bdc/lingua/boletimfilologia/02/boletim02.\
> html
> <http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/bdc/lingua/boletimfilologia/02/boletim02\
> .html> ) and Kremer have considered these toponyms as Gothic, but i)
> these toponyms are congruent with the personal names of the Sueves, ii)
> these toponyms are almost completely absent from Central, South and East
> of Spain, precisely in the regions where we positively know of Goth
> dwellers, and iii) there's not documented organized or unorganized
> settlement of Goths in Galicia and Norther Portugal before or after the
> conquest of the Suevi by the Visigoths. So, the most economic theory is
> to consider these place names as Suevi (or better, as formed under or
> after Suevi influence):
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [1] First, there are in Galicia, Portugal and western Asturias -in the
> ancient Suevic kingdom- several parishes and villages holding the name
> of the Sueves, Goths and Taifali:
> 
> 
> 
> 
> - (Santa Eulalia de) Suegos (rural parish with 161 inhabitants in 7
> hamlets.- Pol, Lugo). It was 'Suevos' in the C12th.
> 
> - (Santa Maria de) Suegos (rural parish with 328 inhabitants in 14
> hamlets.- O Vicedo, Lugo)
> 
> - (Sam Mamede de) Suevos (rural parish with 298 inhabitants in 7
> hamlets..- A Baña, A Coruña)
> 
> - (Sam Martiño de) Suevos (parish with 532 inhabitants distributed in
> a village plus 5 hamlets.- Arteixo, A Coruña)
> 
> - Suevos (village with 42 hab.- Ames, A Coruña)
> 
> - Suevos (village with 126 hab.- Mazaricos, A Coruña)
> 
> 
> 
> 
> - Téifaros (village with 127 inhabitants.- Navia, Asturias) Ë‚
> *Taifalos
> 
> The Taifali could have come together with the Suevi in the C5th, or
> either if they were the same Taifali established in Poitou, they could
> have arrived together with the Britons that came to Norther Galicia in
> the C6th (the Britons maintained their own bishopric during C6th and
> C7th).
> 
> 
> 
> 
> - (Santa Maria de) Godos (rural parish with 669 inhabitants distributed
> in 10 hamlets or villages- Caldas de Reis, Pontevedra)
> 
> - Valdegodos (village with 348 inhabitants.- Vilamartín de
> Valdeorras, Ourense) = 'Valley of Goths'
> 
> 
> 
> 
> There is also three other villages containing the names of the Goths in
> N and NE of Spain:
> 
> - Revillagodos (hamlet with 14 inhabitants, Burgos) =  'Village of
> Goths'.
> 
> - Godos (village with 82  inhabitants, Teruel)
> 
> - Godos (rural parish with 733 inhabitants.- Oviedo, Asturias)
> 
> 
> 
> 
> So there are in Spain more places named after the Suevi than after the
> Goths (!). And no Vandals or Alans ones, sorry, although some people
> used the personal name Uandaliscus = 'Vandal-ish' during the C9th and
> C10th in Galicia and Asturias. It's an interesting name, since it
> probably shows that some Vandals just stayed in the Iberia Peninsula
> among the Sueves, where they were probably known as Vandaliscos, as
> Moors were later named Mauriscos by Galicians. This same personal name,
> Uandaliscus, also generated the toponym Gondarisco (Vigo, Pontevedra)
> Ë‚ Goondalisco Ë‚ Guandalisco Ë‚ Wandaliscu(m).
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [2] There are also thousands of place names derived from Germanic
> personal names. In fact, most Galicians used these same names from the
> C9th to the C12th, when Castilian Spanish like anthroponymy (one name
> from a pool of two or three hundreds, a number of them Visigothic + a
> patronimic ended in -z)  imposed itself. Let's see as an example a
> Galician charter from 954, which presents a partition of serfs among
> some noble families; most of the nobles and most of the serfs used
> Germanic names -marked in red-, better than names with other origins -in
> blue- (in Coleccion Diplomatica de Galicia Historica, d. 47, can be
> found here
> http://ia351432.us.archive.org/3/items/coleccindiplomt00unkngoog/colecci\
> ndiplomt00unkngoog.pdf
> <http://ia351432.us.archive.org/3/items/coleccindiplomt00unkngoog/colecc\
> indiplomt00unkngoog.pdf> ):
> 
> 
> 
> 
> In Dei nomine colmellus diuisionis qui factus est inter filios Placenti
> et Romarici licet inter pacificas mentes definito sola constat uerborum
> tamen pro memoria temporum testimonium adiuendum est litterarum; igitur
> dum inter nos intemptio uertitur ad diuidendum mancipia de parentum
> nostrorum Guntine et Rosule de neptos senatoris Siserici et Esmorice et
> de suos jermanos:
> 
> ideo que euenit in portione de filios Gunterodis id est: Argiuitus
> Gentibus Tratiuigia Recedrudi Gaudiosus Tequelo Julia filios Stanildi
> Sitiuidis Gluscudilum Framildi Ruderigus Sonobrida Sabarigis, Argeleuba
> Ostosia Guntedrudia Uitiza et Leuba Guntildi Julia Ragesindus Sanildi
> cum sua filia Ermegundia Seniorina Uisteuerga Sisulfus Branderigus
> Astruildi Brilis Ranemirus Goda duas filias Gaudiosi Maria et Felicia
> Trudina Quindiuerga filio Frumildi Asarulfo Anulfo Ranulfo Teodeuerga
> Sindileuba Ermedrudia filia Sonifrede majore alia filia Sonifrede minore
> Aciulfus Recedrudia Uanda Trudildi Ausendus filie Guduigie fili Ostosie
> Sabeg(oto) ...... inda duos filios Tequeloni Uimaredus filia Argeleuba
> mino(re) ...... de Adaf qui est post Genitibo Tedildi Leodo cum duos
> filios id est Gundilo Fargalosus Sisuita cum suo filio.
> 
> Euentum in portione de filios Rosule id est: Elias Spintilo Placida
> (Gu)ndinum Ebrildi Guntuigia Metoi Tita Bonosa Aroildi. Egildus
> Sabaredus Domnelius Astrogoto Leobegoto Uanagildi eb...... Trudilo Genlo
> Sisiuertus Nunilo Ansuildi Dauid Sparuildi ...... cum suo filio Ranemiro
> Teodilo Guisenda Ariulfus Leouegildus ...... Sabegoto Stefanus Saroi
> filios de Spintilo duo Guntemirus (Gunde)redus Leodefredus Gudigeba
> filio Sonifrede minore Ausendus Gudileuba Brunildi Ebragundia Nunnina
> Astulfus Eldoara Adosinda filio l...... Zaquile Odorio Leoueredus
> Sisuertus Manosinda filia Guduigie ...... Edonia et Elias duos f(ili)os
> Tequeloni Sisuigia filia Leouegoto ...... filio Adaf Papinum (Gen)etibus
> Uitiza Braromirus ...... (G)uendulfus.
> 
> ..... quod accepit firmiter obtineat. factus colmellus VIII kalendas
> octobris era DCCCCXCI(I).
> 
> Sil...... ari colmellum diuisionis a me factum.
> 
> Munius anc colmellus divisionis a me factum.
> 
> Uimara in anc colmellus diuisionis quo ac persona de meos germanos uel
> de meo sobrino Spasando diuisi manu mea.... (signo)
> 
> Adefonsus anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)
> 
> Odoarius in anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)
> 
> Gundulfus anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)
> 
> Munnia anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)
> 
> Gunterode anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)
> 
> Ermegildus anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)
> 
> X Pelagius ad persona de meos neptos filios Petri in anc colmellum
> diuisionis manu mea.... (signo)
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [2.1] The most common case is that of the place names derived from a
> Latin genitive (a case that was not longer productive in place names
> formation after the 9th century) of a Germanic name. There are several
> thousands (probably more than 5.000) in Galicia and northern Portugal,
> with some 100 or 200 more in Asturias, Leon and Zamora (lands which also
> belonged to the Suevi kingdom until 585 AD). The interpretation of these
> toponyms as Latin genitives of personal Germanic names is not merely
> based on guessing the etymology of a certain toponym thought known sound
> changes, but on the recorded history of many of these places from the
> 800's (there's a pair of on-line databases of medieval Galician
> documents here http://corpus.cirp.es/codolga/
> <http://corpus.cirp.es/codolga/>   <http://corpus.cirp.es/codolga/>  and
> here  http://sli.uvigo.es/xelmirez/index.html. 
> <http://sli.uvigo.es/xelmirez/index.html> Some examples:
> 
> 
> 
> 
> - (Santa Baia de) Mariz (rural parish with 197 inhabitants distributed
> in 15 hamlets- Guitiriz, Lugo), is known from the C10th 'in ualle
> Parriga (...) uilla Malarici media' (doc. from the monatery of Sobrado,
> in Coruña, 966). So, Mariz derives from (villa) Malarici, though
> regular sound changes, and 'villa Malarici' is Latin for 'Malaric's
> villa', Malaricus being the same name of the last Suevi who proclaimed
> himself king during the war with the Visigoths of 585.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> - Toimil (a hamlet with 30 inhabitants.- Sam Xian de Roca, Begonte,
> Lugo), known from the C10th 'villa quo dicunt Teodemiri, territorio
> Parricense, ad sanctorum Iulianum a Roca' (doc. from the monatery of
> Lourenzá, in Lugo, 922). It is derived from the Latin genitive
> Teodemiri, name of one of the Suevi kings of the C6th.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> - [Santa Maria de] Razamonde (rural parish with 172 inhabitants in 7
> hamlets- Cenlle, Ourense), was ' in ripa Minei, ecclesiam sancte Marie
> de Recemundi. cum sua concurrentia' (doc. from Santiago de Compostela,
> in Corunna, 1142). Derived from the genitive Recemundi, of Reccemundus,
> name for example of a Suevi king from the C5th.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> Here are some other examples of modern toponyms from all over Galicia
> (the Förstemann can be accessed here:
> http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00003871&mediaType=\
> application/pdf
> <http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00003871&mediaType\
> =application/pdf>  ; a search facility into Galician toponymy can be
> accessed here http://sli.uvigo.es/toponimia/
> <http://sli.uvigo.es/toponimia/> ):
> 
> 
> 
> 
> Derived from a Latin genitive of names ended in -frid:
> 
> Almofrei ( Ë‚ Ermefredi), Aldobrén ( Ë‚ Hildefredi), Roxofrei
> ( Ë‚ Regefredi), Guilfrei ( Ë‚ Williafredi)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> From names in -gildi:
> 
> Vilaxilde ( Ë‚ villa Agildi), Vilarfruxilde ( Ë‚ villare
> Frogildi), Luxilde ( Ë‚ villa Leovegildi), Saville ( Ë‚
> Sabegildi), Tanxil ( Ë‚ Atanagildi), Gradaílle ( Ë‚
> Witragildi)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> From names in -(h)ari:
> 
> Astrar ( Ë‚ Austrarii), Baltar ( Ë‚ Baldarii), Belesar ( Ë‚
> Belisarii), Bretal ( Ë‚ Bertarii), Armear ( Ë‚ Ermiarii),
> Sanformar ( Ë‚ Sala Frumarii), Goldar ( Ë‚ Goldarii or
> Wultharii), Gondar ( Ë‚ Wandalarii), Guntar ( Ë‚ Guntharii),
> Gulfar ( Ë‚ Wulfarii), Roupar ( Ë‚ Rauparii), Soñar ( Ë‚
> Suaniarii), Tosar ( Ë‚ Turisarii), Guestrar ( Ë‚ Wistrarii),
> Gaifar ( Ë‚ Waifarii)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> From names in -(w)ulf:
> 
> Adoufe ( Ë‚ Adaulfi), Arulfe ( Ë‚ Arulfi), Arnufe (
> Ë‚Arnulfi), Vilastrofe ( Ë‚ villa Astrulfi), Berulfe ( Ë‚
> Berulfi), Brandufe ( Ë‚ Brandulfi), Esmolfe ( Ë‚ Ermulfi),
> Froufe ( Ë‚ Fredulfi), Gresulfe ( Ë‚ Grisulfi), Gondufe ( Ë‚
> Gundulfi), Aldurfe ( Ë‚ Aldulfi or Hildulfi), Liúlfe ( Ë‚
> Leodulfi), Meitufe ( Ë‚ Mactulfi), Nandufe ( Ë‚ Nandulfi),
> Randulfe ( Ë‚ Randulfi), Sesulfe ( Ë‚ Sisulfi), Tiulfe ( Ë‚
> Theodulfi), Trasulfe ( Ë‚ Thrasulfi), Gallufe ( Ë‚ Waliulfi),
> Vilaguillulfe ( Ë‚ villa Wiliulfi)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> From names in -mar / -mir:
> 
> Ansemil and Ansemar ( Ë‚ Ansemiri, Ansemari), Arxemil ( Ë‚
> Harjamiri), Vilaestremil ( Ë‚ villa Austremiri), Baldomar and
> Baldomil ( Ë‚ Baldomari, Baldemiri), Bertamil ( Ë‚ Bertamiri),
> Cendamil ( Ë‚ Kindamiri), Angumil ( Ë‚ Ingumiri), Ardemil (
> Ë‚ Hardermiri), Franzomil ( Ë‚ Francemiri), Gondomar and
> Gondomil ( Ë‚ Gunthemari, Gunthemiri), Golmar ( Ë‚ Walamari),
> Vilagormar ( Ë‚ villa Walamari), Aldemir ( Ë‚ Hildemiri), Loimil
> and  Loimar ( Ë‚ Leodemiri, Leodemari), Lantemil ( Ë‚
> Nandemiri), Randamil ( Ë‚ Randamiri), Recimil ( Ë‚ Reccemiri),
> Rosomil ( Ë‚ Rausemiri), Samil ( Ë‚ Salamiri), Toimil ( Ë‚
> Theodemiri), Troitomil ( Ë‚ Tructemiri), Gradamil ( Ë‚
> Witramiri), Cristimil ( Ë‚ Guistrimir Ë‚ Wistremiri)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> From names in -mar / -mir:
> 
> Aldemunde ( Ë‚ Hildimundi), Baamonde ( Ë‚ Baudamundi),
> Estramundi ( Ë‚ Astramundi), Razamonde ( Ë‚ Rasuamundi)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> From names in -ric:
> 
> Alperiz ( Ë‚ Hilperici), Baldriz ( Ë‚ Balderici), Brandariz (
> Ë‚ Branderici), Contariz ( Ë‚ Cuntarici), Esmoriz ( Ë‚
> Ermorici), Gomariz ( Ë‚ Gumarici), Guldriz ( Ë‚ Wuldarici),
> Golfariz ( Ë‚ Wulfarici), Mondariz ( Ë‚ Mundarici)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> Etc, etc, etc. I'm serious when I affirm that in Galicia and Portugal
> there are thousands of place names based on Germanic names. And we have
> a direct attestation -specially in C9th-C12th Galician monastical
> records- of most of the personal names that originated the above
> mentioned toponyms.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [2.2] There are also hundreds (maybe +1000) toponyms where a Germanic
> inflection is adapted into Latin. As an example, Latin genitive of the
> nominative Rickila should be Rickiliae, but we find Rickilani or
> Rickilanis instead:
> 
> 
> 
> 
> - Requiám (hamlet with 37 hab.- A Estrada, Pontevedra) Ë‚ 'et est
> ipsa hereditate conclusa in omnique giro per suos terminos antiquos id
> est per fenales iusta domus Catoni et inde ad Causelio et inde per Fouea
> Uentuosa et per terminos de Magani. de alia parte per terminos de
> Exeuerneco. per terminos de Sancto Mamede. et inde per arca que diuidet
> inter Cordario et uilla Riquilani et feret ipso termino in Pedroso et
> plicat ad porta de fratres' (doc. from Santiago, 947). So it was 'villa
> Riquilani' = 'Rickla's villa' in 947,  derived of the Germanic Rickila,
> which was also the name of one of the Suevic kings of Galicia of the
> C5th.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> In much the same way (/l/ felt when intervocalic  in the evolution of
> Galician language) :
> 
> 
> 
> 
> Names with hipocoristic -ila: Andeán ( Ë‚ Andilani), Anseán (
> Ë‚ Ansilani), Ateán ( Ë‚ Attilani), Baldráns ( Ë‚
> Baldilanis), Verlás ( Ë‚ Berilanis), Brandián ( Ë‚
> Brandilani), Burgáns ( Ë‚ Burgalanis), Cutián ( Ë‚
> Cuttilani), Ameán ( Ë‚ Emilani), Armeá ( Ë‚ Ermilani),
> Fafiás ( Ë‚ Faffilanis), Frameán ( Ë‚ Framilani),
> Franqueán ( Ë‚ Frankilani), Froiás ( Ë‚ Froilanis),
> Goiáns ( Ë‚ Gaudilanis), Gabián ( Ë‚ Gawilani),  Gomeán
> ( Ë‚ Gomilani), Gundiás ( Ë‚ Gundilanis), Gulfián ( Ë‚
> Wulfilani), Galiñáns ( Ë‚ Walilanis),  Xudán ( Ë‚
> Iutilani), Xustáns ( Ë‚ Iustilani), Lubián ( Ë‚
> Leobilani), Quintián ( Ë‚ Kintilani), Santián ( Ë‚
> Sindilani), Tanquián ( Ë‚ Tankilani), Guitián ( Ë‚
> Wittilani), Quistiláns ( Ë‚ Wistilanis)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> Other names:
> 
> Aldrá ( Ë‚ Aldrani), Atán ( Ë‚ Attani), Berán ( Ë‚
> Berani), Bodán ( Ë‚ Botani), Ardán ( Ë‚ Ardani), Forxás
> ( Ë‚ Frojanis),  Gontán ( Ë‚ Guntani), Guillán ( Ë‚
> Wiliani), Manán ( Ë‚ Mannani), Miumás ( Ë‚ Medumanis),
> Moscán ( Ë‚ Muskani), Segán ( Ë‚ Seggani), Sendán (
> Ë‚ Sendani), Boizán ( Ë‚ Bonizani), Guitizá ( Ë‚
> Wittizani), Xigán ( Ë‚ Egicani)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [2.3] There are even some few toponyms where we can probably find pure
> german genitives:
> 
> Camondes ( Ë‚ Camundis), Godulfes ( Ë‚ Gotulfis), Gondulfes (
> Ë‚ Gundulfis), Raxacendes ( Ë‚ Regesendis), Espasantes ( Ë‚
> Spassantis), Guntís ( Ë‚ Guntinis)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> And toponyms witch generalizes the use of some weird inflexions:
> 
> Señoráns ( Ë‚ Suniaranes, from Suniarius), Bertamiráns (
> Ë‚ Bertamiranes, from Bertamirus), Ramiráns ( Ë‚ Ranmiranes,
> from Ranamirus), Guldrigáns ( Ë‚ Guldricanis, from Wuldericus)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [3] There are also toponyms derived from Germanic words. Most of then
> are words either incorporated into modern or medieval Galician, and
> still alive today, or words which were incorporated into local Latin,
> although they felt out of use before they could be recorded in the
> documentation of the C9th and later centuries.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [3.1] Toponyms based on the PGmc word *salam 'house, hall'. In Portugal
> they have evolved into Sâ or Sâs, and there are some fifty, all in
> the North, around Braga and Porto; in Galicia they are Sa, Saa, Sas or
> Zas, and we have another fifty, especially around Lugo and along the
> valley of the Minho river; in Spanish speaking provinces the form is
> Sala, and there are some ten (in Catalonia is more frequent, over
> twenty, but Catalan ones, and maybe even Castilians, can have French or
> Frankish origin; the Galician and Portuguese ones must have been formed
> before C10th, when the intervocalic /l/ felt). Although in Galicia we
> have not recorded the word *sá 'house' (we have sala 'room' and
> salón 'saloon, room', but they entered through French after the
> C12th), it can be proved that all or part of these toponyms were formed
> through Vulgar Latin or local Romance. As an example:
> 
> 
> 
> 
> - Saavedra (several ones, all around Galicia), probably from 'Sala
> Vetera', that is 'Old House/Hall'. The word order shows that the toponym
> have been generated in local Romance or late vulgar Latin (before C8th,
> probably).
> 
> - Sasdónigas (Mondoñedo, Lugo), from 'Salas Dominicas', 'Lord's
> Halls/Houses'.
> 
> - Sanformar (Negueira, Lugo) probably from 'Sala Frumarii'. Although the
> word sala is Germanic, and the name Frumarii is Germanic (is documented
> among the Suevi and later on), word order and  inflexion is
> unquestionably Latin.
> 
> - Salmeán (Pontenova, Lugo), from 'Sala Mediana' = 'House of the
> Middle' (in a up-down dichotomy).
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [3.2] Toponyms based on the word *bûrjô 'house', related to PGmc
> *bûran 'idem', which originated serveral Boiro and Buiro in Galicia,
> and Bouro in N Portugal. We have pretty old documentation (C10th) for
> these places also, and they are generally presumed to be
> "Suevi", either as direct settlements, or as a word incorporated
> into local Latin before it had fallen out of use, but it's unknown if
> these place names where formed directly from a Germanic dialect or
> through Romance.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [3.3] There are also a large number of toponyms derived from some
> Galician Germanisms like:
> 
> - albergue 'shelter, lodging': Albergue, Albergaría...
> 
> - banda 'side, flank': Acalabanda = 'That Side', Bandorrio 'flank of the
> river'...
> 
> - barón 'man': Baróns.
> 
> - bordo 'rim, extreme': Bordeiras, Bordo...
> 
> - burgo  'hillfort': Malburgo, Burgo, Burgueiros, Malburguete...
> 
> - estaca 'stick, spear': Estaca, Estacada...
> 
> - guardia 'watch post': Aguarda, Guarda, Gardados...
> 
> - infanzón 'lesser nobleman, free man, client': Vilar dos
> Infanzós.
> 
> - marco 'boundary, boundary stone, mark': Marco, Marcadoiro...
> 
> - rapar 'to take, to cut, to scrape': Rapa, Rapadas, Rapadoiro...
> 
> - guisa 'way, guise': Vila Guisada...
> 
> And a long etc. Similar toponyms can be found also in France, Italy, and
> even Spain. Of these the most interesting are the various Malburgo and
> Malburguete, since word order is Germanic, and there are similar
> toponyms in France (Maubourguet in Hautes-Pyrènèes, ), Switzerland
> (Mauburguet in Vaud), Italy (Malborghetto in Udine, near Austria) and in
> Germanic countries (Marburg and Maulburg in Germany, Malburgen in the
> Netherlands, Marbourg in Luxemburg...)
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [3.4] There are also plenty of toponyms based on Galician (or Galician
> and Portuguese) exclusive germanisms (there are a some few dozens of
> them, and are still little studied; for the proto-Germanic forms, V.
> Orel, A Handbook of Germanic Etymology
> http://www.scribd.com/doc/21206305/A-Handbook-of-Germanic-Etymology
> <http://www.scribd.com/doc/21206305/A-Handbook-of-Germanic-Etymology> 
> ):
> 
> laverca 'lark' Ë‚ PGmc *laiwarikôn 'idem',
> 
> meixengra 'titmouse' Ë‚ PGmc *maisôn 'idem' + -ingaz,
> 
> ouva 'sprite, elf' from *auba Ë‚ PGmc *albaz 'elf',
> 
> gueste 'food offered to a group of workers' Ë‚ PGmc *westiz
> 'sustenance, food, provisions',
> 
> maga 'guts' Ë‚ PGmc *magôn 'stomach',
> 
> britar 'to break, to destroy' Ë‚ PGmc *breutanan 'idem',
> 
> esmorecer 'to faint, to choke' from ancient esmorir 'idem' Ë‚ PGmc
> *smurjanan 'to choke, to suffocate', gastallar 'to immobilize, to stop,
> to keep in place' Ë‚ PGmc *ga-stelljanan 'to still, to soothe'...
> 
> Some of these toponyms are old, and have very old documentation (before
> C11th), but others could be recent, since many of these words are still
> alive:
> 
> - lobio 'vineyard' (Ë‚ PGmc *laubjôn, related to *lauban
> 'foliage' ): Lobio, Lobios, Lóivo, Loxe, Loio... dozens,  in Galicia,
> N of Portugal and Asturias.
> 
> - groba 'hole, cave, ravine' ( Ë‚ PGmc *grôbô 'dugout, hole,
> pit'): Groba, Grobas, Encrobas... Dozens.
> 
> - gasalla 'communal property' ( Ë‚ PGmc *ga-salj-, from *saljanan
> 'to offer, to give'): Gasalla, several.
> 
> And some others like 'Esculca', 'Esculqueira' 'post of vigilance': less
> than ten, in Galicia and Portugal; 'Gaspalleira', from gaspallar 'to
> split, trounce' ( Ë‚ PGmc *ga-spelljanan 'to split'), Faísca
> 'ash' Ë‚ falisca Ë‚ PGmc *falwiskô  'flying ash'. Etc.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [3.5] There are some other toponyms based on (locally) unattested
> Germanisms, like:
> 
> 
> 
> 
> - Foristo (in W Asturias, near Galicia), identical with Old High German
> 'furisto' 'first', and with no etymology in Latin, Celtic, Basque, Arab
> or any other language historically attested in the area; or like
> 
> - Samos Ë‚ Samanos, a very ancient Galician monastery (it already
> existed in the C7th, although we don't really know when it was founded)
> cf. Old High German 'samanunga' 'community, congregation' (samanos would
> be a latinized form = 'reunited, congregated (men)').
> 
> 
> 
> 
> Maybe also the next, if the first element is the same with the Longobard
> fara 'family group': Frá (Vilalba, Lugo), Frá (Muras, Lugo),
> Fraguizón (Valdoviño, Coruña) Ë‚ *'Fara Wizoni', Faramenga
> (Sada, Coruña) Ë‚ *'Fara Aminga' (?), Fraemelle (Monfero,
> Coruña)...
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [3.6] Other interesting toponyms which shows Germanic influence are
> those based on mixed words,  like the Galician and Portuguese 'reguengo'
> 'propriety of the king', from ancient *regalingo = regal (='royal',
> Latin) + -ing ('pertaining to', Germanic). There are dozens of these
> places in Galicia and Portugal, under the form Reguengo / Reguenga /
> Vila Reguenga, but they are irrelevant in Spanish speaking provinces (I
> know just three, under the form Realengo). Other toponyms which include
> the -ing Germanic suffix are Faramenga (Sada, Coruña) Ë‚ *'Fara
> Aminga' (?), Meirengos (Ribadeo, Lugo) = `People from (the valley of the
> river) Meira', or Alvarenga in Portugal 'Alvaro's (village)'.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> Well, that's it. I think I've made my point on the Germanic toponymy of
> Galicia, N Portugal, and neighboring territories: these toponyms are
> rather numerous, they are rather diverse too, and they are
> characteristically modeled with Germanic clay in a Roman potter's wheel.
> In fact, when people speak about the post-Roman Germanic kingdoms, the
> Suevi are generally neglected, though they founded a stable kingdom,
> coined money, maintained diplomatic relations with Vandals, Franks,
> Burgundians, Romans and Goths, and even worked out an administrative and
> ecclesiastic reform of their country -in the C6th through a series of
> Councils- which really converted their ethnic kingdom into a territorial
> one (the Kingdom of Galicia, as used by Gregory of Tours)... And when
> their kingdom was taken by the Goths, we know that they kept their lives
> and jobs, and were not punished or substituted -catholic Suevic bishops
> kept their sees under Arrian Goths-, simply annexed. It is probably not
> a coincidence that Galicians counts and settlers had already taken back
> from the Arabs all of the ancient Suevi kingdom by 878, including the
> southernmost Suevic city of Coimbra, while most of Spain up to the
> Pyrenees was still under Arab rule.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> Sorry for the extension. Cheers.
> 
> Cossue.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> [Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
>


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