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<p><br>
1. Leo Wiener: Commentary to the Germanic Laws and Medieval Documents:<br>
"In Spain the Gothic language existed as late as the year 1091, for it<br>
was in that year prohibited by a decree of the Synod of Leon." "'Et<br>
interfuit etiam Renerius legatus, et Romanae ecclesiae Cardinalis,<br>
ibidemque celebrato concilio cum Bernardo Toletano primate, multa de<br>
officijs ecclesiae statuerunt, et etiam de caetero omnes scriptores<br>
omissa litera Toletana, quam Gulfilas Gothorum Episcopus adinuenit,<br>
Gallicis literis vterentur,' Roderici Toletani (Rodrigo Ximenes)<br>
Chronicon, lib, VI, cap. XXX. See Hefele, Conciliengeschichte<wbr>, 2nd<br>
ed., vol. V, p. 201. The assertion made somewhere that the reference<br>
is to a calligraphy and not to the Gothic language is without any<br>
foundation, for the Gothic alphabet was never used for anything but<br>
Gothic." Admittedly Wiener expresses some eccentric views elsewhere<br>
in this book and disputes the generally accepted chronology of the<br>
surviving Gothic manuscripts, but I'd be curious to know what people<br>
make of this quote. Of course, even if this does indicate the<br>
survival of the Gothic written language, it doesn't necessarily mean<br>
that it was still spoken.<br>
<br>
2. Tabula gentes, 550. I'd be interested to know more about this<br>
document and the context of the term Valagothi. Is it used anywhere<br>
else in texts of this time and place? Is the prefix Vala- used<br>
elsewhere in a similar context? Is linguistic 'Romanisation' the only<br>
possible interpretation? The Valagothi also are named in the Historia<br>
Brittonum, in a passage tracing the supposed descent of contemporary<br>
peoples from the Hebrew patriarchs of the Bible, I:17: "Armenon autem<br>
habuit quinque filios: Gothus, Valagothus, Gebidus, Burgundus,<br>
Longobardus. [...]. ab Armenone autem quinque: Gothi, Valagothi,<br>
Gebidi, Burgundi, Longobardi." This text may go back to the 11th c.,<br>
although it has traditionally been attributed to Nennius, d. 809.<br>
<br>
3. Lack of contemporary reference to interpreters or difficulties of<br>
comprehension. This could also be accounted for by bilingualism among<br>
Goths, Romans or both. But how does this compare with comparable<br>
situations? Would we expect to find such documentary evidence? Does<br>
it exist for other Germanic successor states of this period where we<br>
know that the invaders still retained their language?<br>
<br>
4. Lack of Gothic manuscripts. Given the sparse remains of written<br>
Gothic generally, we probably can't put too much weight on this. As<br>
discussed previously on this list, there are indications that the<br>
Gothic Bible was much more extensive than the extracts that survive. <br>
There are also indications that it was in use at some time among<br>
widely scattered East Germanic peoples, even though almost all of of<br>
what survives is associated with Italy. For example, Silvianus of<br>
Massila (Marseille), in 'De gubernatione dei' c. 440-450, writes at<br>
some length about the scripture current among the Goths and Vandals,<br>
which he probably encountered in southern France (see Friedrichsen:<br>
The Gothic Version of the Epistles 1939, pp. 215, 233, 268-272). His<br>
opinion of the faults specific to the Gothic text as it existed at<br>
this time is "amply confirmed" by Friedrichsen'<wbr>s study (ibid. p. 233),<br>
although his unfavorable comparison with the Latin Bible is less<br>
convincing (ibid. p. 269).<br>
<br>
5. Isidore of Seville in 625 credits Wulfila with translating the Old<br>
and New testaments. Shows awareness of the Gothic language, though<br>
not necessarily its survival.<br>
<br>
6. Loanwords. As has been mentioned, there are a fair number of<br>
loanwords in the Romance languages of Iberia and southern France which<br>
are usually attributed to the Goths. In some cases, the form of the<br>
word (e.g. survival of certain diphthongs) shows that it hasn't been<br>
inherited from earlier stages of Vulgar Latin but more recently<br>
adopted. But this doesn't give a precise dating, and it's hard to<br>
know the effects of an intermediary creole, supposing such a language<br>
ever existed. The words might have been retained by the Goths<br>
themselves when they came to speak Romance / Latin as their native<br>
language, and only been disseminated into the wider Romance speech<br>
community at a later date.<br>
<br>
7. The laws survive only in Latin texts. Whether Gothic versions ever<br>
existed is unknown. Against the complete lack of evidence for Gothic<br>
versions, we might have to take into account possible later legal or<br>
religious pressure to dispose of texts written in Gothic (see point 1<br>
above). A number of Gothic words survive in the laws. But by the<br>
time they were codified in writing, we can't rule out the possibility<br>
that they survived only as fossilised technical terms, just as Normal<br>
French terms survive to this day in English law.<br>
<br>
8. Placenames. A complex issue, obviously. It seems that there are<br>
placenames in Iberia and France attributed to the Goths, but we<br>
haven't come to any agreement about what their distribution might show<br>
about how long the language survived. We might have to consider that<br>
naming traditions could have outlasted the Gothic language, and that<br>
placenames could have been formed by analogy with other placenames<br>
using Gothic elements, even by Romance speakers. Compare the use of<br>
-ville as a suffix in US placenames.<br>
<br>
9. What exactly is known about the provenance of the epigram 'De<br>
conviviis barbaris' which Ualarauans mentioned? I've seen it located<br>
in Ostrogothic Italy, but more often in Vandal North Africa. Although<br>
the vocabulary is familiar from the Gothic Bible, the specific idiom<br>
'skapjan' +inf. "let's start ..." isn't attested there, whether by<br>
chance, or because it represents a different, more colloquial, register.<br>
<br>
LN<br>
<br>
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