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<p>To find a proper Gothic equivalent of the name of Scythians is a <br>
more difficult task than it may seem. Yes, there's an attested word <br>
Skwžus translating SKUQHS "Scythian" in Col. 3:11, but this clearly <br>
was a newly borrowed name, unheard of before the Bible translation. <br>
When we are dealing with parts of Getica that apparently go back to <br>
the lost Gothic epics (such as the story of the migration into Oium, <br>
for example) and mention "Scythia" and "Scythians", a native Gothic <br>
term is to be found. In fact, Jordanes recorded several East <br>
European ethnonyms in the form presumably close to spoken Gothic <br>
variant: these are e. g. Antes (Go. *Anteis pl.) and Spali (Go. <br>
*Spalos or *Spalans pl.). Further there is the list of peoples <br>
conquered by Ermanaric in Getica 116 where the mysterious <br>
Golthescytha thiudos are mentioned. The most plausible of many <br>
different interpretations of this name first suggested by von <br>
Grienberger (1895) and supported by Stender-Petersen (1927) and <br>
Korkkanen (1975) views it as a Latino-Gothic hybrid Gotth[a]e or <br>
Gotth[ic]e Scytha-thiudos, that is "Scythian peoples [subjected] to <br>
the Goth (= Ermanaric)" or "peoples of Scythia in the Gothic <br>
language". This is followed with eleven heavily distorted names of <br>
these peoples. The word Scytha-thiudos pl. (cf. Gut-žiuda) seems to <br>
comprehend the element Skwža-, but this is most likely a later <br>
conjecture made by Cassiodorus or Jordanes.<br>
<br>
Currently there are several suggested etymologies of the name of <br>
Scythians. The one I find most convincing explains Greek SKUQAI as a <br>
phonetic approximation of OIr. *Skuda- or *Skuša- derived from the <br>
PIE stem *skeu(d)- "to throw", "to shoot", "to push". Scythians are <br>
thus "archers" literally (see for details Oswald Szemerenyi's Four <br>
Old Iranian Ethnic Names:..., 1980:20ff). The Germanic reflex of the <br>
same stem is PG *skeutan "to shoot", "to cast a missile" ><br>
ON skjóta, OE scéotan, OHG skiozan, Crimean Gothic schieten etc.<br>
The attested nomen agentis in the historical languages ON skyti, <br>
OE scytta, OHG skuzzo points towards<br>
PG *skutjan- M.-an "shooter", "archer" (ibid.), but cf.<br>
ON andskoti "opponent", "adversary" which < *anda-skutan-<wbr>, lit.<br>
"one who shoots back (or against smb.)", without -j- in the suffix.<br>
Hence we can reconstruct Go. *skiutan st. v. 2 "to shoot"; *skutja <br>
M.-an "archer" and its variant *skuta M.-an. The last form is the <br>
closest analogue of the Scythians' ethnonym possible. Semantically <br>
it's a perfect designation for a people of steppe nomads with <br>
mounted archers comprising next to 100% of its war power.<br>
<br>
By the time of the Gothic migrations the epoch of the Scythians <br>
dominating the steppes north of the Black Sea was long over. They <br>
had been effectively replaced by kindred Iranian-speaking tribes of <br>
Sarmatians, Alans, Iazyges and others. Their ethnonym must have gone <br>
away with them, although the Graeco-Roman authors continued to use <br>
it indiscriminately for all nomadic peoples of the Northeast, <br>
including the Goths. Thus we are far from being sure of an immediate <br>
genetic succession between Scythian self-name *Skuša-ta pl. and <br>
hypothetical Go. *Skutans. If the latter was ever used for Iranian <br>
(and probably Hunnish as well) neighbors of the Goths, it could well <br>
have occured independently. Still, for translation purposes I'd <br>
suggest *Skutans and *Skuta-žiuda (*Skuta-land)<wbr>, not Skwžus and its <br>
derivatives, whenever it comes to render Scythae and Scythia in the <br>
passages of Getica taken from the Gothic oral tradition.<br>
<br>
Ualarauans<br>
<br>
P.S. To compare with *Skuta-žiuda is OHG folk <br>
sceotantero "Schützenvolk" in Hildebrandslied 51.<br>
<br>
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