<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body style="background-color: #ffffff;">
<!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStartT|**|-~-->
<div id="ygrp-mlmsg" style="width:655px; position:relative;">
<div id="ygrp-msg" style="width: 490px; padding: 0 15px 0 0; float:left; z-index:1;">
<!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEndT|**|-~-->
<div id="ygrp-text">
<p>Skalks is actually a slave (most often = Gr. DOULOS, also <br>
OIKETHS "domestic servant", PAIDARION "slave child"). Cf. also ga-<br>
skalki SUNDOULOS "Mitknecht" – it's neuter on –ja, looks more like a <br>
word for a thing, not for a living person. I don't think a Gothic <br>
warrior would be happy with these names for himself :) Still, you <br>
may use it if you mentally place your Goths into the High Middle <br>
Age, with its knights, heralds, noble ladies etc. Unfortunately, the <br>
historical Goths didn't live so long to develop a feudal terminology <br>
of their own. Words of their language pertain to realities of a <br>
different time. It's "master and slave", not "suzerain and vassal" <br>
which dominated the social landscape in the classic society and <br>
which is reflected in the language of the Gothic Bible. Some other <br>
Old germanic translations, less dependent on the original text, were <br>
making use of the Germanic social terminology. That's why you can <br>
occasionally find Jesus depicted as a Germanic warlord and the <br>
disciples as his "optimates" (guardsmen), e.g. OHG druhtin and <br>
thegana in Otfrid von Weissenburg'<wbr>s Evangelienbuch. In Gothic, these <br>
were *drauhtins and gadrauhts (pl. gadrauhteis) respectively. For <br>
the latter, you can also opt for reconstructed poeticisms (based on <br>
ON): *drauhtimagus, *drauhtiguma and the like. *drauhtifaţs<br>
(Gen. -fadis) for *drauhtins seems also possible.<br>
<br>
In a few written sources of the Migration period the Latinized word <br>
sculca (Gr. SKOULKA) is used for some kind of military service. It <br>
might be cognate to skalks, although there's a Latin etymology (from <br>
exculcare).<br>
<br>
In Langobardic laws it is glossed: sculca id est cabalcata, or: id <br>
est custodire aliquam rem [<a href="http://mdz10.bib-">http://mdz10.<wbr>bib-</a><br>
bvb.de/~db/bsb00000<wbr>878/images/<wbr>index.html?<wbr>id=00000878&<wbr>nativeno=<wbr>300]<br>
<br>
See also: [<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-">http://books.<wbr>google.com/<wbr>books?id=<wbr>-</a><br>
9TtkWNMNhIC&<wbr>pg=PA40&lpg=<wbr>PA40&dq=sculca&<wbr>source=web&<wbr>ots=C4KxcGMd0J&<wbr>sig=<br>
ghLqMKCDWFP9adyB5W0<wbr>Y6sCJzEk]<br>
[<a href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/germaniclaw/003.php">http://www.northveg<wbr>r.org/lore/<wbr>germaniclaw/<wbr>003.php</a>].<br>
<br>
--- In <a href="mailto:gothic-l%40yahoogroups.com">gothic-l@yahoogroup<wbr>s.com</a>, "Ingemar Nordgren" <ingemar@...<wbr>> <br>
wrote:<br>
><br>
> <br>
> <br>
> Hi Rutgur,<br>
> <br>
> An employed fighter/warrior (cf. German 'Knecht', Sw. 'knekt') is<br>
> called 'skalks'. This, however, is in a household and if it has a<br>
> bearing for army titles I do not know.<br>
> <br>
> Best<br>
> Ingemar<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> <br>
> --- In <a href="mailto:gothic-l%40yahoogroups.com">gothic-l@yahoogroup<wbr>s.com</a>, "Sir Rutgur" <rutgur@> wrote:<br>
> ><br>
> > Did the Goths have particular word their Warrior Class? .for the<br>
> Leadership<br>
> > for their Warrior Class? I'm wondering if they had a <br>
functionally<br>
> > equivalent word for "knight", at least as it relates to warfare &<br>
> the army.<br>
> > <br>
> > <br>
> > <br>
> > <br>
> > <br>
> > [Non-text portions of this message have been removed]<br>
> ><br>
><br>
<br>
</p>
</div>
<!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~-->
<span width="1" style="color: white;">__._,_.___</span>
<!-- Start the section with Message In topic -->
<div id="ygrp-actbar">
<span class="left">
<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gothic-l/message/9951;_ylc=X3oDMTM0bGU5ajBuBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzEwMjA1OTgEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzM5MjA2BG1zZ0lkAzk5NTUEc2VjA2Z0cgRzbGsDdnRwYwRzdGltZQMxMjAyMTgzMTI4BHRwY0lkAzk5NTE-">
Messages in this topic </a> (<span class="bld">5</span>)
</span>
<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gothic-l/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJwYmFiNWtsBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzEwMjA1OTgEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzM5MjA2BG1zZ0lkAzk5NTUEc2VjA2Z0cgRzbGsDcnBseQRzdGltZQMxMjAyMTgzMTI4?act=reply&messageNum=9955">
<span class="bld">
Reply </span> (via web post)
</a> |
<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gothic-l/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJldWY4NDVsBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzEwMjA1OTgEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzM5MjA2BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA250cGMEc3RpbWUDMTIwMjE4MzEyOA--" class="bld">
Start a new topic </a>
</div>
<!------- Start Nav Bar ------>
<!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| -->
<div id="ygrp-vitnav">
<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gothic-l/messages;_ylc=X3oDMTJlYmlwcHFwBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzEwMjA1OTgEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzM5MjA2BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA21zZ3MEc3RpbWUDMTIwMjE4MzEyOA--">Messages</a>
| <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gothic-l/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJlcmMxcHVmBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzEwMjA1OTgEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzM5MjA2BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA21icnMEc3RpbWUDMTIwMjE4MzEyOA--">Members</a>
</div>
<!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| -->
<div id="ygrp-grft">
<!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| -->
You are a member of the Gothic-L list. To unsubscribe, send a blank email to <gothic-l-unsubscribe@egroups.com>.
<!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| -->
</div>
<!-- yahoo logo -->
<!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| -->
<div id="ygrp-ft">
<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/;_ylc=X3oDMTJkNjBqb3QyBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzEwMjA1OTgEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzM5MjA2BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzdGltZQMxMjAyMTgzMTI4">
<img src="http://us.i1.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/i/yg/img/logo/ma_grp_160.gif" height="15" width="106" border="0" alt="Yahoo! Groups"></a> <br>
<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gothic-l/join;_ylc=X3oDMTJmZW1lZTRsBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzEwMjA1OTgEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzM5MjA2BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3N0bmdzBHN0aW1lAzEyMDIxODMxMjg-">Change settings via the Web</a> (Yahoo! ID required) <br>
Change settings via email: <a href="mailto:gothic-l-digest@yahoogroups.com?subject=Email Delivery: Digest">Switch delivery to Daily Digest</a> | <a href = "mailto:gothic-l-traditional@yahoogroups.com?subject=Change Delivery Format: Traditional">Switch format to Traditional</a> <br>
<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gothic-l;_ylc=X3oDMTJkbXY4bWFiBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzEwMjA1OTgEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzM5MjA2BHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2hwZgRzdGltZQMxMjAyMTgzMTI4">
Visit Your Group
</a> |
<a href="http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/">
Yahoo! Groups Terms of Use </a> |
<a href="mailto:gothic-l-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com?subject=">
Unsubscribe </a>
</div> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| -->
</div> <!-- ygrp-msg -->
<!-- Sponsor -->
<!-- |**|begin egp html banner|**| -->
<div id="ygrp-sponsor" style="width:140px;float: left; clear: none; margin-left: 5px; background:white; margin-bottom:25px ;position:absolute; top:0; right: 0;">
<!-- Network content -->
<!-- Start vitality -->
<div id="ygrp-vital">
<div id="vithd">Recent Activity</div>
<ul style="list-style-type:none; padding: 0; margin: 2px 0;">
<li style="clear: both;">
<div class="ct" style="float: right;"><span style="display:none"> </span>2</div>
<div class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gothic-l/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJmMHFmbTliBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzEwMjA1OTgEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzM5MjA2BHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZtYnJzBHN0aW1lAzEyMDIxODMxMjg-">New Members</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gothic-l;_ylc=X3oDMTJlOXE0cms2BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzEwMjA1OTgEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1NzM5MjA2BHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTIwMjE4MzEyOA--">
Visit Your Group </a>
</div>
<!-- Network content -->
<div id="nc">
<div class="ad">
<div id="hd1">New web site?</div>
<p><a href="http://us.ard.yahoo.com/SIG=13omp7934/M=493064.12016308.12445700.8674578/D=groups/S=1705739206:NC/Y=YAHOO/EXP=1202190328/L=/B=ZlntBkJe5FU-/J=1202183128844049/A=3848642/R=0/SIG=131eshi2t/*http://searchmarketing.yahoo.com/arp/srchv2.php?o=US2004&cmp=Yahoo&ctv=Groups3&s=Y&s2=&s3=&b=50">Drive traffic now.</a></p>
<p>Get your business</p>
<p>on Yahoo! search.</p> </div>
<div class="ad">
<div id="hd1">All-Bran</div>
<p><a href="http://us.ard.yahoo.com/SIG=13omog7o5/M=493064.12016283.12445687.8674578/D=groups/S=1705739206:NC/Y=YAHOO/EXP=1202190328/L=/B=Z1ntBkJe5FU-/J=1202183128844049/A=5202323/R=0/SIG=11aijbghb/*http://new.groups.yahoo.com/allbrangroup">10 Day Challenge</a></p>
<p>Join the club and</p>
<p>feel the benefits.</p> </div>
<div class="ad">
<div id="hd1">Best of Y! Groups</div>
<p><a href="http://us.ard.yahoo.com/SIG=13o1scljl/M=493064.12016306.12445698.8674578/D=groups/S=1705739206:NC/Y=YAHOO/EXP=1202190328/L=/B=aFntBkJe5FU-/J=1202183128844049/A=4763758/R=0/SIG=11ou7otip/*http://advision.webevents.yahoo.com/bestofyahoogroups/">Check out the best</a></p>
<p>of what Yahoo!</p>
<p>Groups has to offer.</p> </div>
</div>
</div> <!-- |**|end egp html banner|**| -->
<div style="clear:both; color: #FFF; font-size:1px;">.</div>
</div> <img src="http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=97359714/grpId=1020598/grpspId=1705739206/msgId=9955/stime=1202183128/nc1=3848642/nc2=5202323/nc3=4763758" width="1" height="1"> <br>
<span style="color: white;">__,_._,___</span>
<!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEnd|**|-~-->
</body>
<!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStart|**|-~-->
<head>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
#ygrp-mkp{
border: 1px solid #d8d8d8;
font-family: Arial;
margin: 14px 0px;
padding: 0px 14px;
}
#ygrp-mkp hr{
border: 1px solid #d8d8d8;
}
#ygrp-mkp #hd{
color: #628c2a;
font-size: 85%;
font-weight: bold;
line-height: 122%;
margin: 10px 0px;
}
#ygrp-mkp #ads{
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
#ygrp-mkp .ad{
padding: 0 0;
}
#ygrp-mkp .ad a{
color: #0000ff;
text-decoration: none;
}
-->
</style>
</head>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
#ygrp-sponsor #ygrp-lc{
font-family: Arial;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ygrp-lc #hd{
margin: 10px 0px;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 78%;
line-height: 122%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ygrp-lc .ad{
margin-bottom: 10px;
padding: 0 0;
}
-->
</style>
</head>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
#ygrp-mlmsg {font-size:13px; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;*font-size:small;*font:x-small;}
#ygrp-mlmsg table {font-size:inherit;font:100%;}
#ygrp-mlmsg select, input, textarea {font:99% arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;}
#ygrp-mlmsg pre, code {font:115% monospace;*font-size:100%;}
#ygrp-mlmsg * {line-height:1.22em;}
#ygrp-text{
font-family: Georgia;
}
#ygrp-text p{
margin: 0 0 1em 0;
}
#ygrp-tpmsgs{
font-family: Arial;
clear: both;
}
#ygrp-vitnav{
padding-top: 10px;
font-family: Verdana;
font-size: 77%;
margin: 0;
}
#ygrp-vitnav a{
padding: 0 1px;
}
#ygrp-actbar{
clear: both;
margin: 25px 0;
white-space:nowrap;
color: #666;
text-align: right;
}
#ygrp-actbar .left{
float: left;
white-space:nowrap;
}
.bld{font-weight:bold;}
#ygrp-grft{
font-family: Verdana;
font-size: 77%;
padding: 15px 0;
}
#ygrp-ft{
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 77%;
border-top: 1px solid #666;
padding: 5px 0;
}
#ygrp-mlmsg #logo{
padding-bottom: 10px;
}
#ygrp-vital{
background-color: #e0ecee;
margin-bottom: 20px;
padding: 2px 0 8px 8px;
}
#ygrp-vital #vithd{
font-size: 77%;
font-family: Verdana;
font-weight: bold;
color: #333;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
#ygrp-vital ul{
padding: 0;
margin: 2px 0;
}
#ygrp-vital ul li{
list-style-type: none;
clear: both;
border: 1px solid #e0ecee;
}
#ygrp-vital ul li .ct{
font-weight: bold;
color: #ff7900;
float: right;
width: 2em;
text-align:right;
padding-right: .5em;
}
#ygrp-vital ul li .cat{
font-weight: bold;
}
#ygrp-vital a{
text-decoration: none;
}
#ygrp-vital a:hover{
text-decoration: underline;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #hd{
color: #999;
font-size: 77%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov{
padding: 6px 13px;
background-color: #e0ecee;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov ul{
padding: 0 0 0 8px;
margin: 0;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov li{
list-style-type: square;
padding: 6px 0;
font-size: 77%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov li a{
text-decoration: none;
font-size: 130%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #nc{
background-color: #eee;
margin-bottom: 20px;
padding: 0 8px;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad{
padding: 8px 0;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad #hd1{
font-family: Arial;
font-weight: bold;
color: #628c2a;
font-size: 100%;
line-height: 122%;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad a{
text-decoration: none;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad a:hover{
text-decoration: underline;
}
#ygrp-sponsor .ad p{
margin: 0;
}
o{font-size: 0; }
.MsoNormal{
margin: 0 0 0 0;
}
#ygrp-text tt{
font-size: 120%;
}
blockquote{margin: 0 0 0 4px;}
.replbq{margin:4}
-->
</style>
</head>
<!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEnd|**|-~-->
</html><!--End group email -->