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<p><br>
As with other early European alphabets, it's not unusual for runes to<br>
be written right-to-left. And when they are, the individual characters<br>
are horizontally flipped in comparison to how they would appear when<br>
written left-to-right. The following examples include inscriptions<br>
that were obviously carved, so it's not just a matter of casting. I<br>
suppose that might have inspired the practice, or maybe the direction<br>
of writing just wasn't considered something you needed a standard for<br>
in those days. The examples include whole sentences which make good<br>
sense read from right-to-left, but which would be meaningless read the<br>
other way, and words and traditionally constructed names which follow<br>
the phonetic rules of Ancient Nordic when read from right-to-left, but<br>
which would violate those rules if read the other way; e.g. the letter<br>
'z' (sometimes transcribed with a capital 'R') is restricted to<br>
certain positions and could never occur at the beginning of a word.<br>
They include common formulas and magic words like 'alu' "ale", which<br>
are recorded written in either direction (or even both superimposed,<br>
as in the Spong Hill inscription from England). In short, I don't<br>
think this is a conspiracy of photographers!<br>
<br>
Einang stone: '(...)dagazþazrunofa<wbr>ihido' "-dagaz wrote these runes".<br>
<a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/no-rune-einang-txt.gif">http://www.arild-<wbr>hauge.com/<wbr>arild-hauge/<wbr>no-rune-einang-<wbr>txt.gif</a><br>
<a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/no-rune-einang.jpg">http://www.arild-<wbr>hauge.com/<wbr>arild-hauge/<wbr>no-rune-einang.<wbr>jpg</a><br>
<br>
Elgesem stone: 'alu' "ale".<br>
<a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/no-rune-elgsem.jpg">http://www.arild-<wbr>hauge.com/<wbr>arild-hauge/<wbr>no-rune-elgsem.<wbr>jpg</a><br>
<br>
Kjølvik stone: 'hadulaikaz - ekhagusta(l)<wbr>daz - hlaaiwidomaguminino<wbr>'<br>
"Hadulaikaz: I, Hagustaldaz, buried my son."<br>
<a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/no-rune-kjoelvik-drawing.jpg">http://www.arild-<wbr>hauge.com/<wbr>arild-hauge/<wbr>no-rune-kjoelvik<wbr>-drawing.<wbr>jpg</a><br>
<a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/no-rune-kjoelvik.jpg">http://www.arild-<wbr>hauge.com/<wbr>arild-hauge/<wbr>no-rune-kjoelvik<wbr>.jpg</a><br>
<a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/117_Niaer19-Kjoelevik_Oslo_blinder_UB.jpg">http://www.arild-<wbr>hauge.com/<wbr>arild-hauge/<wbr>117_Niaer19-<wbr>Kjoelevik_<wbr>Oslo_blinder_<wbr>UB.jpg</a><br>
<br>
Fløksand knife: 'linalaukazf(<wbr>ehu)' "linen, leek, livestock".<br>
<br>
Lindholm amulette: 'ekerilazsawilagazh<wbr>eiteka ... alu' "I erilaz am<br>
called sawilagaz ... ale".<br>
<a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/se-rune-lindholm.jpg">http://www.arild-<wbr>hauge.com/<wbr>arild-hauge/<wbr>se-rune-lindholm<wbr>.jpg</a><br>
<br>
Illerup shield-handle mount: 'niþijotawide' "Niþjo made it".<br>
<a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/099_DR-MS1995-336B_Illerup-mount-shield-handle-2_MM.jpg">http://www.arild-<wbr>hauge.com/<wbr>arild-hauge/<wbr>099_DR-MS1995-<wbr>336B_Illerup-<wbr>mount-shield-<wbr>handle-2_<wbr>MM.jpg</a><br>
<a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/de-rune-illerup.jpg">http://www.arild-<wbr>hauge.com/<wbr>arild-hauge/<wbr>de-rune-illerup.<wbr>jpg</a><br>
<br>
Illerup shield-handle mount: 'laguþewa' "Laguþewa" (a name).<br>
<a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/100_DR-MS1995-336C_Illerup-mount-shield-handle-3_MM.jpg">http://www.arild-<wbr>hauge.com/<wbr>arild-hauge/<wbr>100_DR-MS1995-<wbr>336C_Illerup-<wbr>mount-shield-<wbr>handle-3_<wbr>MM.jpg</a><br>
<br>
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