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<p><br>
<br>
Well, this was going to be some arguing about Suevic and Gothic toponymy<br>
in Spain and Portugal, though now I think it should be better my<br>
presentation to the Group. I'm Galician (NW Spain), I'm in my late<br>
thirties, and I'm an aficionado in old Galician onomastics, i.e. I love<br>
toponymy and anthroponymy, specially if they are older than a thousand<br>
years. Now, Galicia is pretty rich in a group of toponyms modeled around<br>
old Germanic names, and my interest in that particular group of toponyms<br>
have brought me here :-) Now let's go with what I had written... It's<br>
extensive, so I really hope you find it, at least, interesting.<br>
<br>
There are in Galicia and Northern Portugal thousands of places with<br>
names containing Germanic elements, although most of these names have<br>
been generated from local Romance or Vulgar Latin, after Galicians<br>
adopted the anthroponyms of the Suevi -a single Germanic name with no<br>
cognomen or patronymic attached- and some tens of words of their<br>
language. These toponyms were fist studied in the C18th by Martin<br>
Sarmiento, a Galician illustrated scholar who identified them correctly<br>
as Germanic (he was also the first person to point out some Germanisms<br>
of the Galician language like laverca 'lark', lobio 'framework<br>
supporting a vine, frequently in front of a house' -cf. lobby- or grova<br>
'groove'). Latter, in the C20th they were studied by a large number of<br>
scholar, many of them Germans: W. Meyer-Lübke, J. Jungfer, G. Sachs,<br>
Leite de Vasconcellos, J. Piel and D. Kremer. Incidentally, Piel (you<br>
can reach his initial researches here:<br>
<a href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/bdc/lingua/boletimfilologia/02/boletim02.html">http://cvc.institut<wbr>o-camoes.<wbr>pt/bdc/lingua/<wbr>boletimfilologia<wbr>/02/boletim02.<wbr>\<br>
html</a><br>
<<a href="http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/bdc/lingua/boletimfilologia/02/boletim02.html">http://cvc.institut<wbr>o-camoes.<wbr>pt/bdc/lingua/<wbr>boletimfilologia<wbr>/02/boletim02\<br>
.html</a>> ) and Kremer have considered these toponyms as Gothic, but i)<br>
these toponyms are congruent with the personal names of the Sueves, ii)<br>
these toponyms are almost completely absent from Central, South and East<br>
of Spain, precisely in the regions where we positively know of Goth<br>
dwellers, and iii) there's not documented organized or unorganized<br>
settlement of Goths in Galicia and Norther Portugal before or after the<br>
conquest of the Suevi by the Visigoths. So, the most economic theory is<br>
to consider these place names as Suevi (or better, as formed under or<br>
after Suevi influence):<br>
<br>
[1] First, there are in Galicia, Portugal and western Asturias -in the<br>
ancient Suevic kingdom- several parishes and villages holding the name<br>
of the Sueves, Goths and Taifali:<br>
<br>
- (Santa Eulalia de) Suegos (rural parish with 161 inhabitants in 7<br>
hamlets.- Pol, Lugo). It was 'Suevos' in the C12th.<br>
<br>
- (Santa Maria de) Suegos (rural parish with 328 inhabitants in 14<br>
hamlets.- O Vicedo, Lugo)<br>
<br>
- (Sam Mamede de) Suevos (rural parish with 298 inhabitants in 7<br>
hamlets..- A Baña, A Coruña)<br>
<br>
- (Sam Martiño de) Suevos (parish with 532 inhabitants distributed in<br>
a village plus 5 hamlets.- Arteixo, A Coruña)<br>
<br>
- Suevos (village with 42 hab.- Ames, A Coruña)<br>
<br>
- Suevos (village with 126 hab.- Mazaricos, A Coruña)<br>
<br>
- Téifaros (village with 127 inhabitants.<wbr>- Navia, Asturias) Ë‚<br>
*Taifalos<br>
<br>
The Taifali could have come together with the Suevi in the C5th, or<br>
either if they were the same Taifali established in Poitou, they could<br>
have arrived together with the Britons that came to Norther Galicia in<br>
the C6th (the Britons maintained their own bishopric during C6th and<br>
C7th).<br>
<br>
- (Santa Maria de) Godos (rural parish with 669 inhabitants distributed<br>
in 10 hamlets or villages- Caldas de Reis, Pontevedra)<br>
<br>
- Valdegodos (village with 348 inhabitants.<wbr>- Vilamartín de<br>
Valdeorras, Ourense) = 'Valley of Goths'<br>
<br>
There is also three other villages containing the names of the Goths in<br>
N and NE of Spain:<br>
<br>
- Revillagodos (hamlet with 14 inhabitants, Burgos) = 'Village of<br>
Goths'.<br>
<br>
- Godos (village with 82 inhabitants, Teruel)<br>
<br>
- Godos (rural parish with 733 inhabitants.<wbr>- Oviedo, Asturias)<br>
<br>
So there are in Spain more places named after the Suevi than after the<br>
Goths (!). And no Vandals or Alans ones, sorry, although some people<br>
used the personal name Uandaliscus = 'Vandal-ish' during the C9th and<br>
C10th in Galicia and Asturias. It's an interesting name, since it<br>
probably shows that some Vandals just stayed in the Iberia Peninsula<br>
among the Sueves, where they were probably known as Vandaliscos, as<br>
Moors were later named Mauriscos by Galicians. This same personal name,<br>
Uandaliscus, also generated the toponym Gondarisco (Vigo, Pontevedra)<br>
Ë‚ Goondalisco Ë‚ Guandalisco Ë‚ Wandaliscu(m)<wbr>.<br>
<br>
[2] There are also thousands of place names derived from Germanic<br>
personal names. In fact, most Galicians used these same names from the<br>
C9th to the C12th, when Castilian Spanish like anthroponymy (one name<br>
from a pool of two or three hundreds, a number of them Visigothic + a<br>
patronimic ended in -z) imposed itself. Let's see as an example a<br>
Galician charter from 954, which presents a partition of serfs among<br>
some noble families; most of the nobles and most of the serfs used<br>
Germanic names -marked in red-, better than names with other origins -in<br>
blue- (in Coleccion Diplomatica de Galicia Historica, d. 47, can be<br>
found here<br>
<a href="http://ia351432.us.archive.org/3/items/coleccindiplomt00unkngoog/coleccindiplomt00unkngoog.pdf">http://ia351432.<wbr>us.archive.<wbr>org/3/items/<wbr>coleccindiplomt0<wbr>0unkngoog/<wbr>colecci\<br>
ndiplomt00unkngoog.<wbr>pdf</a><br>
<<a href="http://ia351432.us.archive.org/3/items/coleccindiplomt00unkngoog/coleccindiplomt00unkngoog.pdf">http://ia351432.<wbr>us.archive.<wbr>org/3/items/<wbr>coleccindiplomt0<wbr>0unkngoog/<wbr>colecc\<br>
indiplomt00unkngoog<wbr>.pdf</a>> ):<br>
<br>
In Dei nomine colmellus diuisionis qui factus est inter filios Placenti<br>
et Romarici licet inter pacificas mentes definito sola constat uerborum<br>
tamen pro memoria temporum testimonium adiuendum est litterarum; igitur<br>
dum inter nos intemptio uertitur ad diuidendum mancipia de parentum<br>
nostrorum Guntine et Rosule de neptos senatoris Siserici et Esmorice et<br>
de suos jermanos:<br>
<br>
ideo que euenit in portione de filios Gunterodis id est: Argiuitus<br>
Gentibus Tratiuigia Recedrudi Gaudiosus Tequelo Julia filios Stanildi<br>
Sitiuidis Gluscudilum Framildi Ruderigus Sonobrida Sabarigis, Argeleuba<br>
Ostosia Guntedrudia Uitiza et Leuba Guntildi Julia Ragesindus Sanildi<br>
cum sua filia Ermegundia Seniorina Uisteuerga Sisulfus Branderigus<br>
Astruildi Brilis Ranemirus Goda duas filias Gaudiosi Maria et Felicia<br>
Trudina Quindiuerga filio Frumildi Asarulfo Anulfo Ranulfo Teodeuerga<br>
Sindileuba Ermedrudia filia Sonifrede majore alia filia Sonifrede minore<br>
Aciulfus Recedrudia Uanda Trudildi Ausendus filie Guduigie fili Ostosie<br>
Sabeg(oto) ...... inda duos filios Tequeloni Uimaredus filia Argeleuba<br>
mino(re) ...... de Adaf qui est post Genitibo Tedildi Leodo cum duos<br>
filios id est Gundilo Fargalosus Sisuita cum suo filio.<br>
<br>
Euentum in portione de filios Rosule id est: Elias Spintilo Placida<br>
(Gu)ndinum Ebrildi Guntuigia Metoi Tita Bonosa Aroildi. Egildus<br>
Sabaredus Domnelius Astrogoto Leobegoto Uanagildi eb...... Trudilo Genlo<br>
Sisiuertus Nunilo Ansuildi Dauid Sparuildi ...... cum suo filio Ranemiro<br>
Teodilo Guisenda Ariulfus Leouegildus ...... Sabegoto Stefanus Saroi<br>
filios de Spintilo duo Guntemirus (Gunde)redus Leodefredus Gudigeba<br>
filio Sonifrede minore Ausendus Gudileuba Brunildi Ebragundia Nunnina<br>
Astulfus Eldoara Adosinda filio l...... Zaquile Odorio Leoueredus<br>
Sisuertus Manosinda filia Guduigie ...... Edonia et Elias duos f(ili)os<br>
Tequeloni Sisuigia filia Leouegoto ...... filio Adaf Papinum (Gen)etibus<br>
Uitiza Braromirus ...... (G)uendulfus.<br>
<br>
..... quod accepit firmiter obtineat. factus colmellus VIII kalendas<br>
octobris era DCCCCXCI(I).<br>
<br>
Sil...... ari colmellum diuisionis a me factum.<br>
<br>
Munius anc colmellus divisionis a me factum.<br>
<br>
Uimara in anc colmellus diuisionis quo ac persona de meos germanos uel<br>
de meo sobrino Spasando diuisi manu mea.... (signo)<br>
<br>
Adefonsus anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)<br>
<br>
Odoarius in anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)<br>
<br>
Gundulfus anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)<br>
<br>
Munnia anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)<br>
<br>
Gunterode anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)<br>
<br>
Ermegildus anc colmellum diuisionis a me factum.... (signo)<br>
<br>
X Pelagius ad persona de meos neptos filios Petri in anc colmellum<br>
diuisionis manu mea.... (signo)<br>
<br>
[2.1] The most common case is that of the place names derived from a<br>
Latin genitive (a case that was not longer productive in place names<br>
formation after the 9th century) of a Germanic name. There are several<br>
thousands (probably more than 5.000) in Galicia and northern Portugal,<br>
with some 100 or 200 more in Asturias, Leon and Zamora (lands which also<br>
belonged to the Suevi kingdom until 585 AD). The interpretation of these<br>
toponyms as Latin genitives of personal Germanic names is not merely<br>
based on guessing the etymology of a certain toponym thought known sound<br>
changes, but on the recorded history of many of these places from the<br>
800's (there's a pair of on-line databases of medieval Galician<br>
documents here <a href="http://corpus.cirp.es/codolga/">http://corpus.<wbr>cirp.es/codolga/</a><br>
<<a href="http://corpus.cirp.es/codolga/">http://corpus.<wbr>cirp.es/codolga/</a>> <<a href="http://corpus.cirp.es/codolga/">http://corpus.<wbr>cirp.es/codolga/</a>> and<br>
here <a href="http://sli.uvigo.es/xelmirez/index.html.">http://sli.uvigo.<wbr>es/xelmirez/<wbr>index.html.</a> <br>
<<a href="http://sli.uvigo.es/xelmirez/index.html">http://sli.uvigo.<wbr>es/xelmirez/<wbr>index.html</a>> Some examples:<br>
<br>
- (Santa Baia de) Mariz (rural parish with 197 inhabitants distributed<br>
in 15 hamlets- Guitiriz, Lugo), is known from the C10th 'in ualle<br>
Parriga (...) uilla Malarici media' (doc. from the monatery of Sobrado,<br>
in Coruña, 966). So, Mariz derives from (villa) Malarici, though<br>
regular sound changes, and 'villa Malarici' is Latin for 'Malaric's<br>
villa', Malaricus being the same name of the last Suevi who proclaimed<br>
himself king during the war with the Visigoths of 585.<br>
<br>
- Toimil (a hamlet with 30 inhabitants.<wbr>- Sam Xian de Roca, Begonte,<br>
Lugo), known from the C10th 'villa quo dicunt Teodemiri, territorio<br>
Parricense, ad sanctorum Iulianum a Roca' (doc. from the monatery of<br>
Lourenzá, in Lugo, 922). It is derived from the Latin genitive<br>
Teodemiri, name of one of the Suevi kings of the C6th.<br>
<br>
- [Santa Maria de] Razamonde (rural parish with 172 inhabitants in 7<br>
hamlets- Cenlle, Ourense), was ' in ripa Minei, ecclesiam sancte Marie<br>
de Recemundi. cum sua concurrentia' (doc. from Santiago de Compostela,<br>
in Corunna, 1142). Derived from the genitive Recemundi, of Reccemundus,<br>
name for example of a Suevi king from the C5th.<br>
<br>
Here are some other examples of modern toponyms from all over Galicia<br>
(the Förstemann can be accessed here:<br>
<a href="http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00003871&mediaType=application/pdf">http://sul-derivati<wbr>ves.stanford.<wbr>edu/derivative?<wbr>CSNID=00003871&<wbr>mediaType=<wbr>\<br>
application/<wbr>pdf</a><br>
<<a href="http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00003871&mediaType=application/pdf">http://sul-derivati<wbr>ves.stanford.<wbr>edu/derivative?<wbr>CSNID=00003871&<wbr>mediaType\<br>
=application/<wbr>pdf</a>> ; a search facility into Galician toponymy can be<br>
accessed here <a href="http://sli.uvigo.es/toponimia/">http://sli.uvigo.<wbr>es/toponimia/</a><br>
<<a href="http://sli.uvigo.es/toponimia/">http://sli.uvigo.<wbr>es/toponimia/</a>> ):<br>
<br>
Derived from a Latin genitive of names ended in -frid:<br>
<br>
Almofrei ( Ë‚ Ermefredi), Aldobrén ( Ë‚ Hildefredi), Roxofrei<br>
( Ë‚ Regefredi), Guilfrei ( Ë‚ Williafredi)<wbr>...<br>
<br>
>From names in -gildi:<br>
<br>
Vilaxilde ( Ë‚ villa Agildi), Vilarfruxilde ( Ë‚ villare<br>
Frogildi), Luxilde ( Ë‚ villa Leovegildi), Saville ( Ë‚<br>
Sabegildi), Tanxil ( Ë‚ Atanagildi), Gradaílle ( Ë‚<br>
Witragildi).<wbr>..<br>
<br>
>From names in -(h)ari:<br>
<br>
Astrar ( Ë‚ Austrarii), Baltar ( Ë‚ Baldarii), Belesar ( Ë‚<br>
Belisarii), Bretal ( Ë‚ Bertarii), Armear ( Ë‚ Ermiarii),<br>
Sanformar ( Ë‚ Sala Frumarii), Goldar ( Ë‚ Goldarii or<br>
Wultharii), Gondar ( Ë‚ Wandalarii), Guntar ( Ë‚ Guntharii),<br>
Gulfar ( Ë‚ Wulfarii), Roupar ( Ë‚ Rauparii), Soñar ( Ë‚<br>
Suaniarii), Tosar ( Ë‚ Turisarii), Guestrar ( Ë‚ Wistrarii),<br>
Gaifar ( Ë‚ Waifarii)...<br>
<br>
>From names in -(w)ulf:<br>
<br>
Adoufe ( Ë‚ Adaulfi), Arulfe ( Ë‚ Arulfi), Arnufe (<br>
Ë‚Arnulfi), Vilastrofe ( Ë‚ villa Astrulfi), Berulfe ( Ë‚<br>
Berulfi), Brandufe ( Ë‚ Brandulfi), Esmolfe ( Ë‚ Ermulfi),<br>
Froufe ( Ë‚ Fredulfi), Gresulfe ( Ë‚ Grisulfi), Gondufe ( Ë‚<br>
Gundulfi), Aldurfe ( Ë‚ Aldulfi or Hildulfi), Liúlfe ( Ë‚<br>
Leodulfi), Meitufe ( Ë‚ Mactulfi), Nandufe ( Ë‚ Nandulfi),<br>
Randulfe ( Ë‚ Randulfi), Sesulfe ( Ë‚ Sisulfi), Tiulfe ( Ë‚<br>
Theodulfi), Trasulfe ( Ë‚ Thrasulfi), Gallufe ( Ë‚ Waliulfi),<br>
Vilaguillulfe ( Ë‚ villa Wiliulfi)...<br>
<br>
>From names in -mar / -mir:<br>
<br>
Ansemil and Ansemar ( Ë‚ Ansemiri, Ansemari), Arxemil ( Ë‚<br>
Harjamiri), Vilaestremil ( Ë‚ villa Austremiri), Baldomar and<br>
Baldomil ( Ë‚ Baldomari, Baldemiri), Bertamil ( Ë‚ Bertamiri),<br>
Cendamil ( Ë‚ Kindamiri), Angumil ( Ë‚ Ingumiri), Ardemil (<br>
Ë‚ Hardermiri), Franzomil ( Ë‚ Francemiri), Gondomar and<br>
Gondomil ( Ë‚ Gunthemari, Gunthemiri), Golmar ( Ë‚ Walamari),<br>
Vilagormar ( Ë‚ villa Walamari), Aldemir ( Ë‚ Hildemiri), Loimil<br>
and Loimar ( Ë‚ Leodemiri, Leodemari), Lantemil ( Ë‚<br>
Nandemiri), Randamil ( Ë‚ Randamiri), Recimil ( Ë‚ Reccemiri),<br>
Rosomil ( Ë‚ Rausemiri), Samil ( Ë‚ Salamiri), Toimil ( Ë‚<br>
Theodemiri), Troitomil ( Ë‚ Tructemiri), Gradamil ( Ë‚<br>
Witramiri), Cristimil ( Ë‚ Guistrimir Ë‚ Wistremiri).<wbr>..<br>
<br>
>From names in -mar / -mir:<br>
<br>
Aldemunde ( Ë‚ Hildimundi), Baamonde ( Ë‚ Baudamundi),<br>
Estramundi ( Ë‚ Astramundi), Razamonde ( Ë‚ Rasuamundi).<wbr>..<br>
<br>
>From names in -ric:<br>
<br>
Alperiz ( Ë‚ Hilperici), Baldriz ( Ë‚ Balderici), Brandariz (<br>
Ë‚ Branderici), Contariz ( Ë‚ Cuntarici), Esmoriz ( Ë‚<br>
Ermorici), Gomariz ( Ë‚ Gumarici), Guldriz ( Ë‚ Wuldarici),<br>
Golfariz ( Ë‚ Wulfarici), Mondariz ( Ë‚ Mundarici)..<wbr>.<br>
<br>
Etc, etc, etc. I'm serious when I affirm that in Galicia and Portugal<br>
there are thousands of place names based on Germanic names. And we have<br>
a direct attestation -specially in C9th-C12th Galician monastical<br>
records- of most of the personal names that originated the above<br>
mentioned toponyms.<br>
<br>
[2.2] There are also hundreds (maybe +1000) toponyms where a Germanic<br>
inflection is adapted into Latin. As an example, Latin genitive of the<br>
nominative Rickila should be Rickiliae, but we find Rickilani or<br>
Rickilanis instead:<br>
<br>
- Requiám (hamlet with 37 hab.- A Estrada, Pontevedra) Ë‚ 'et est<br>
ipsa hereditate conclusa in omnique giro per suos terminos antiquos id<br>
est per fenales iusta domus Catoni et inde ad Causelio et inde per Fouea<br>
Uentuosa et per terminos de Magani. de alia parte per terminos de<br>
Exeuerneco. per terminos de Sancto Mamede. et inde per arca que diuidet<br>
inter Cordario et uilla Riquilani et feret ipso termino in Pedroso et<br>
plicat ad porta de fratres' (doc. from Santiago, 947). So it was 'villa<br>
Riquilani' = 'Rickla's villa' in 947, derived of the Germanic Rickila,<br>
which was also the name of one of the Suevic kings of Galicia of the<br>
C5th.<br>
<br>
In much the same way (/l/ felt when intervocalic in the evolution of<br>
Galician language) :<br>
<br>
Names with hipocoristic -ila: Andeán ( Ë‚ Andilani), Anseán (<br>
Ë‚ Ansilani), Ateán ( Ë‚ Attilani), Baldráns ( Ë‚<br>
Baldilanis), Verlás ( Ë‚ Berilanis), Brandián ( Ë‚<br>
Brandilani), Burgáns ( Ë‚ Burgalanis), Cutián ( Ë‚<br>
Cuttilani), Ameán ( Ë‚ Emilani), Armeá ( Ë‚ Ermilani),<br>
Fafiás ( Ë‚ Faffilanis), Frameán ( Ë‚ Framilani),<br>
Franqueán ( Ë‚ Frankilani), Froiás ( Ë‚ Froilanis),<br>
Goiáns ( Ë‚ Gaudilanis), Gabián ( Ë‚ Gawilani), Gomeán<br>
( Ë‚ Gomilani), Gundiás ( Ë‚ Gundilanis), Gulfián ( Ë‚<br>
Wulfilani), Galiñáns ( Ë‚ Walilanis), Xudán ( Ë‚<br>
Iutilani), Xustáns ( Ë‚ Iustilani), Lubián ( Ë‚<br>
Leobilani), Quintián ( Ë‚ Kintilani), Santián ( Ë‚<br>
Sindilani), Tanquián ( Ë‚ Tankilani), Guitián ( Ë‚<br>
Wittilani), Quistiláns ( Ë‚ Wistilanis).<wbr>..<br>
<br>
Other names:<br>
<br>
Aldrá ( Ë‚ Aldrani), Atán ( Ë‚ Attani), Berán ( Ë‚<br>
Berani), Bodán ( Ë‚ Botani), Ardán ( Ë‚ Ardani), Forxás<br>
( Ë‚ Frojanis), Gontán ( Ë‚ Guntani), Guillán ( Ë‚<br>
Wiliani), Manán ( Ë‚ Mannani), Miumás ( Ë‚ Medumanis),<br>
Moscán ( Ë‚ Muskani), Segán ( Ë‚ Seggani), Sendán (<br>
Ë‚ Sendani), Boizán ( Ë‚ Bonizani), Guitizá ( Ë‚<br>
Wittizani), Xigán ( Ë‚ Egicani)...<br>
<br>
[2.3] There are even some few toponyms where we can probably find pure<br>
german genitives:<br>
<br>
Camondes ( Ë‚ Camundis), Godulfes ( Ë‚ Gotulfis), Gondulfes (<br>
Ë‚ Gundulfis), Raxacendes ( Ë‚ Regesendis), Espasantes ( Ë‚<br>
Spassantis), Guntís ( Ë‚ Guntinis)...<br>
<br>
And toponyms witch generalizes the use of some weird inflexions:<br>
<br>
Señoráns ( Ë‚ Suniaranes, from Suniarius), Bertamiráns (<br>
Ë‚ Bertamiranes, from Bertamirus), Ramiráns ( Ë‚ Ranmiranes,<br>
from Ranamirus), Guldrigáns ( Ë‚ Guldricanis, from Wuldericus).<wbr>..<br>
<br>
[3] There are also toponyms derived from Germanic words. Most of then<br>
are words either incorporated into modern or medieval Galician, and<br>
still alive today, or words which were incorporated into local Latin,<br>
although they felt out of use before they could be recorded in the<br>
documentation of the C9th and later centuries.<br>
<br>
[3.1] Toponyms based on the PGmc word *salam 'house, hall'. In Portugal<br>
they have evolved into Sâ or Sâs, and there are some fifty, all in<br>
the North, around Braga and Porto; in Galicia they are Sa, Saa, Sas or<br>
Zas, and we have another fifty, especially around Lugo and along the<br>
valley of the Minho river; in Spanish speaking provinces the form is<br>
Sala, and there are some ten (in Catalonia is more frequent, over<br>
twenty, but Catalan ones, and maybe even Castilians, can have French or<br>
Frankish origin; the Galician and Portuguese ones must have been formed<br>
before C10th, when the intervocalic /l/ felt). Although in Galicia we<br>
have not recorded the word *sá 'house' (we have sala 'room' and<br>
salón 'saloon, room', but they entered through French after the<br>
C12th), it can be proved that all or part of these toponyms were formed<br>
through Vulgar Latin or local Romance. As an example:<br>
<br>
- Saavedra (several ones, all around Galicia), probably from 'Sala<br>
Vetera', that is 'Old House/Hall'. The word order shows that the toponym<br>
have been generated in local Romance or late vulgar Latin (before C8th,<br>
probably).<br>
<br>
- Sasdónigas (Mondoñedo, Lugo), from 'Salas Dominicas', 'Lord's<br>
Halls/Houses'<wbr>.<br>
<br>
- Sanformar (Negueira, Lugo) probably from 'Sala Frumarii'. Although the<br>
word sala is Germanic, and the name Frumarii is Germanic (is documented<br>
among the Suevi and later on), word order and inflexion is<br>
unquestionably Latin.<br>
<br>
- Salmeán (Pontenova, Lugo), from 'Sala Mediana' = 'House of the<br>
Middle' (in a up-down dichotomy).<br>
<br>
[3.2] Toponyms based on the word *bûrjô 'house', related to PGmc<br>
*bûran 'idem', which originated serveral Boiro and Buiro in Galicia,<br>
and Bouro in N Portugal. We have pretty old documentation (C10th) for<br>
these places also, and they are generally presumed to be<br>
"Suevi", either as direct settlements, or as a word incorporated<br>
into local Latin before it had fallen out of use, but it's unknown if<br>
these place names where formed directly from a Germanic dialect or<br>
through Romance.<br>
<br>
[3.3] There are also a large number of toponyms derived from some<br>
Galician Germanisms like:<br>
<br>
- albergue 'shelter, lodging': Albergue, Albergaría...<br>
<br>
- banda 'side, flank': Acalabanda = 'That Side', Bandorrio 'flank of the<br>
river'...<br>
<br>
- barón 'man': Baróns.<br>
<br>
- bordo 'rim, extreme': Bordeiras, Bordo...<br>
<br>
- burgo 'hillfort': Malburgo, Burgo, Burgueiros, Malburguete.<wbr>..<br>
<br>
- estaca 'stick, spear': Estaca, Estacada...<br>
<br>
- guardia 'watch post': Aguarda, Guarda, Gardados...<br>
<br>
- infanzón 'lesser nobleman, free man, client': Vilar dos<br>
Infanzós.<br>
<br>
- marco 'boundary, boundary stone, mark': Marco, Marcadoiro..<wbr>.<br>
<br>
- rapar 'to take, to cut, to scrape': Rapa, Rapadas, Rapadoiro...<br>
<br>
- guisa 'way, guise': Vila Guisada...<br>
<br>
And a long etc. Similar toponyms can be found also in France, Italy, and<br>
even Spain. Of these the most interesting are the various Malburgo and<br>
Malburguete, since word order is Germanic, and there are similar<br>
toponyms in France (Maubourguet in Hautes-Pyrènèes, ), Switzerland<br>
(Mauburguet in Vaud), Italy (Malborghetto in Udine, near Austria) and in<br>
Germanic countries (Marburg and Maulburg in Germany, Malburgen in the<br>
Netherlands, Marbourg in Luxemburg...<wbr>)<br>
<br>
[3.4] There are also plenty of toponyms based on Galician (or Galician<br>
and Portuguese) exclusive germanisms (there are a some few dozens of<br>
them, and are still little studied; for the proto-Germanic forms, V.<br>
Orel, A Handbook of Germanic Etymology<br>
<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/21206305/A-Handbook-of-Germanic-Etymology">http://www.scribd.<wbr>com/doc/21206305<wbr>/A-Handbook-<wbr>of-Germanic-<wbr>Etymology</a><br>
<<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/21206305/A-Handbook-of-Germanic-Etymology">http://www.scribd.<wbr>com/doc/21206305<wbr>/A-Handbook-<wbr>of-Germanic-<wbr>Etymology</a>> <br>
):<br>
<br>
laverca 'lark' Ë‚ PGmc *laiwarikôn 'idem',<br>
<br>
meixengra 'titmouse' Ë‚ PGmc *maisôn 'idem' + -ingaz,<br>
<br>
ouva 'sprite, elf' from *auba Ë‚ PGmc *albaz 'elf',<br>
<br>
gueste 'food offered to a group of workers' Ë‚ PGmc *westiz<br>
'sustenance, food, provisions',<br>
<br>
maga 'guts' Ë‚ PGmc *magôn 'stomach',<br>
<br>
britar 'to break, to destroy' Ë‚ PGmc *breutanan 'idem',<br>
<br>
esmorecer 'to faint, to choke' from ancient esmorir 'idem' Ë‚ PGmc<br>
*smurjanan 'to choke, to suffocate', gastallar 'to immobilize, to stop,<br>
to keep in place' Ë‚ PGmc *ga-stelljanan 'to still, to soothe'...<br>
<br>
Some of these toponyms are old, and have very old documentation (before<br>
C11th), but others could be recent, since many of these words are still<br>
alive:<br>
<br>
- lobio 'vineyard' (Ë‚ PGmc *laubjôn, related to *lauban<br>
'foliage' ): Lobio, Lobios, Lóivo, Loxe, Loio... dozens, in Galicia,<br>
N of Portugal and Asturias.<br>
<br>
- groba 'hole, cave, ravine' ( Ë‚ PGmc *grôbô 'dugout, hole,<br>
pit'): Groba, Grobas, Encrobas... Dozens.<br>
<br>
- gasalla 'communal property' ( Ë‚ PGmc *ga-salj-, from *saljanan<br>
'to offer, to give'): Gasalla, several.<br>
<br>
And some others like 'Esculca', 'Esculqueira' 'post of vigilance': less<br>
than ten, in Galicia and Portugal; 'Gaspalleira'<wbr>, from gaspallar 'to<br>
split, trounce' ( Ë‚ PGmc *ga-spelljanan 'to split'), Faísca<br>
'ash' Ë‚ falisca Ë‚ PGmc *falwiskô 'flying ash'. Etc.<br>
<br>
[3.5] There are some other toponyms based on (locally) unattested<br>
Germanisms, like:<br>
<br>
- Foristo (in W Asturias, near Galicia), identical with Old High German<br>
'furisto' 'first', and with no etymology in Latin, Celtic, Basque, Arab<br>
or any other language historically attested in the area; or like<br>
<br>
- Samos Ë‚ Samanos, a very ancient Galician monastery (it already<br>
existed in the C7th, although we don't really know when it was founded)<br>
cf. Old High German 'samanunga' 'community, congregation' (samanos would<br>
be a latinized form = 'reunited, congregated (men)').<br>
<br>
Maybe also the next, if the first element is the same with the Longobard<br>
fara 'family group': Frá (Vilalba, Lugo), Frá (Muras, Lugo),<br>
Fraguizón (Valdoviño, Coruña) Ë‚ *'Fara Wizoni', Faramenga<br>
(Sada, Coruña) Ë‚ *'Fara Aminga' (?), Fraemelle (Monfero,<br>
Coruña)...<br>
<br>
[3.6] Other interesting toponyms which shows Germanic influence are<br>
those based on mixed words, like the Galician and Portuguese 'reguengo'<br>
'propriety of the king', from ancient *regalingo = regal (='royal',<br>
Latin) + -ing ('pertaining to', Germanic). There are dozens of these<br>
places in Galicia and Portugal, under the form Reguengo / Reguenga /<br>
Vila Reguenga, but they are irrelevant in Spanish speaking provinces (I<br>
know just three, under the form Realengo). Other toponyms which include<br>
the -ing Germanic suffix are Faramenga (Sada, Coruña) Ë‚ *'Fara<br>
Aminga' (?), Meirengos (Ribadeo, Lugo) = `People from (the valley of the<br>
river) Meira', or Alvarenga in Portugal 'Alvaro's (village)'.<br>
<br>
Well, that's it. I think I've made my point on the Germanic toponymy of<br>
Galicia, N Portugal, and neighboring territories: these toponyms are<br>
rather numerous, they are rather diverse too, and they are<br>
characteristically modeled with Germanic clay in a Roman potter's wheel.<br>
In fact, when people speak about the post-Roman Germanic kingdoms, the<br>
Suevi are generally neglected, though they founded a stable kingdom,<br>
coined money, maintained diplomatic relations with Vandals, Franks,<br>
Burgundians, Romans and Goths, and even worked out an administrative and<br>
ecclesiastic reform of their country -in the C6th through a series of<br>
Councils- which really converted their ethnic kingdom into a territorial<br>
one (the Kingdom of Galicia, as used by Gregory of Tours)... And when<br>
their kingdom was taken by the Goths, we know that they kept their lives<br>
and jobs, and were not punished or substituted -catholic Suevic bishops<br>
kept their sees under Arrian Goths-, simply annexed. It is probably not<br>
a coincidence that Galicians counts and settlers had already taken back<br>
from the Arabs all of the ancient Suevi kingdom by 878, including the<br>
southernmost Suevic city of Coimbra, while most of Spain up to the<br>
Pyrenees was still under Arab rule.<br>
<br>
Sorry for the extension. Cheers.<br>
<br>
Cossue.<br>
<br>
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]<br>
<br>
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#activity span .underline {
text-decoration: underline;
}
.attach {
clear: both;
display: table;
font-family: Arial;
font-size: 12px;
padding: 10px 0;
width: 400px;
}
.attach div a {
text-decoration: none;
}
.attach img {
border: none;
padding-right: 5px;
}
.attach label {
display: block;
margin-bottom: 5px;
}
.attach label a {
text-decoration: none;
}
blockquote {
margin: 0 0 0 4px;
}
.bold {
font-family: Arial;
font-size: 13px;
font-weight: 700;
}
.bold a {
text-decoration: none;
}
dd.last p a {
font-family: Verdana;
font-weight: 700;
}
dd.last p span {
margin-right: 10px;
font-family: Verdana;
font-weight: 700;
}
dd.last p span.yshortcuts {
margin-right: 0;
}
div.attach-table div div a {
text-decoration: none;
}
div.attach-table {
width: 400px;
}
div.file-title a, div.file-title a:active, div.file-title a:hover, div.file-title a:visited {
text-decoration: none;
}
div.photo-title a, div.photo-title a:active, div.photo-title a:hover, div.photo-title a:visited {
text-decoration: none;
}
div#ygrp-mlmsg #ygrp-msg p a span.yshortcuts {
font-family: Verdana;
font-size: 10px;
font-weight: normal;
}
.green {
color: #628c2a;
}
.MsoNormal {
margin: 0 0 0 0;
}
o {
font-size: 0;
}
#photos div {
float: left;
width: 72px;
}
#photos div div {
border: 1px solid #666666;
height: 62px;
overflow: hidden;
width: 62px;
}
#photos div label {
color: #666666;
font-size: 10px;
overflow: hidden;
text-align: center;
white-space: nowrap;
width: 64px;
}
#reco-category {
font-size: 77%;
}
#reco-desc {
font-size: 77%;
}
.replbq {
margin: 4px;
}
#ygrp-actbar div a:first-child {
/* border-right: 0px solid #000;*/
margin-right: 2px;
padding-right: 5px;
}
#ygrp-mlmsg {
font-size: 13px;
font-family: Arial, helvetica,clean, sans-serif;
*font-size: small;
*font: x-small;
}
#ygrp-mlmsg table {
font-size: inherit;
font: 100%;
}
#ygrp-mlmsg select, input, textarea {
font: 99% Arial, Helvetica, clean, sans-serif;
}
#ygrp-mlmsg pre, code {
font:115% monospace;
*font-size:100%;
}
#ygrp-mlmsg * {
line-height: 1.22em;
}
#ygrp-mlmsg #logo {
padding-bottom: 10px;
}
#ygrp-mlmsg a {
color: #1E66AE;
}
#ygrp-msg p a {
font-family: Verdana;
}
#ygrp-msg p#attach-count span {
color: #1E66AE;
font-weight: 700;
}
#ygrp-reco #reco-head {
color: #ff7900;
font-weight: 700;
}
#ygrp-reco {
margin-bottom: 20px;
padding: 0px;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov li a {
font-size: 130%;
text-decoration: none;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov li {
font-size: 77%;
list-style-type: square;
padding: 6px 0;
}
#ygrp-sponsor #ov ul {
margin: 0;
padding: 0 0 0 8px;
}
#ygrp-text {
font-family: Georgia;
}
#ygrp-text p {
margin: 0 0 1em 0;
}
#ygrp-text tt {
font-size: 120%;
}
#ygrp-vital ul li:last-child {
border-right: none !important;
}
-->
</style>
</head>
<!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEnd|**|-~-->
</html>
<!-- end group email -->