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<p>For one thing, who were the Goths? At different times, different groups<br>
called themselves Gutþiuda [and variations thereon]. I tend to think of<br>
the Chernyakhov-era Goths as The Goths, and the Weilbark-era Gutones as<br>
some of their predecessors, but the Bastarnae, branches of the Sarmatae,<br>
branches of the Daci, etc. as more of their predecessors. And that's<br>
leaving aside other groups within the Chernyakhov culture. I don't think<br>
that's the best perspective for the Visigoths or Ostrogoths, but it is a<br>
good perspective for the Chernyakhov Goths and the Moesian Goths.<br>
<br>
There is some confusion about how early the Gutones are attested on the<br>
Vistula - some think Pytheas' mentions the Goths, others think not, and<br>
the texts are fragmentary and corrupt.<br>
<br>
There is also some confusion about how early the Bastarnae reached what<br>
is now Ukraine.<br>
<br>
But in the late first and early second centuries C.E. the Gutones are<br>
attested on the Vistula, in Tacitus and Ptolemy, I think. The Weilbark<br>
Culture prospered in this time and place. I'm not sure how long it<br>
lasted.<br>
<br>
In the early third century C.E. the Gothi are attested on the Black Sea.<br>
There were several conflicts with the Roman Empire in this period. The<br>
Chernyakhov Culture developed in what's now Ukraine and Moldava and<br>
later spread southwest into what's now Romania.<br>
<br>
In the 340s, Wulfila, the first Christian bishop of the Goths, is forced<br>
into exile in the Roman Empire, where he translates the bible into<br>
Gothic. Archaeologically, there seems to be a Gothic Christian community<br>
on the outskirts of Nicopolis ad Istrum.<br>
<br>
In the 370s, Hunnish and Alan raids lead to a refugee crisis, with some<br>
Gothic refugees entering the Roman Empire. Imperial officials try to<br>
betray and enslave the Goths, leading to war and the death of the<br>
emperor Valens. At the same time other Gothic refugees enter Caucaland,<br>
probably what is now Transylvania, and possibly central Germany too.<br>
<br>
After that, things get increasingly messy. More conflicts with the Roman<br>
Empire, apparently more refugee crises as the Huns establish themselves<br>
on the Danube, setting up Federate kingdoms in Aquitaine [418] and Italy<br>
[489], the Franks conquering Aquitaine [507], the Byzantines invading<br>
Italy, conquering it, and invading Spain, amid repeated civil wars.<br>
<br>
On Sun, 2012-01-01 at 23:39 +0000, Alla wrote:<br>
> <br>
> Hi<br>
> <br>
> my name is Alla, I'm writing a project for the university about Gothic<br>
> history and kind of got lost in all the information I've been reading,<br>
> I'm trying to figure out about the time-lines of Gothic history from<br>
> the moment they migrated to Europe until their fall in about 540??<br>
> (sorry if the dates aren't correct).<br>
> <br>
> could you please help me<br>
> <br>
> thanks in advance<br>
> <br>
> Alla<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> <br>
> <br>
> <br>
<br>
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