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<p><br>
45. Word Derivation<br>
<br>
Words in Gothic are generally simple, derivative, or compound. Simple<br>
words have no discernable internal parts with meaning of their own. Take<br>
for example the nouns abba 'father', ihs 'oath', dags 'day',<br>
ftus 'foot', stins 'stone', ward 'word'. Nouns may be<br>
derived from other words, such as adjectives and verbs, by means of<br>
various suffixes and prefixes. For example suffixation converts the<br>
adjective laggs 'long' into the noun laggei 'length', manags 'much' into<br>
managei 'multitude', milds 'mild' into mildia 'mildness'. Examples<br>
of nouns derived from verbs are the following: dragk 'a drink' from<br>
drigkan 'to drink', saggws 'song' from siggwan 'to sing', giba 'gift'<br>
from giban 'to give', un-witi 'ignorance' from *witan 'to know'.<br>
Compound nouns are formed by the conjoining of two or more words to form<br>
a noun. In Gothic, the second element is always a noun, though the first<br>
element can be a noun, adjective, or particle. When the first element is<br>
an a-stem noun or adjective, the -a- of the stem usually remains:<br>
iƕa-tundi 'thornbush', dwala-wardei 'foolish talk',<br>
weina-triu 'vine'. The -a- remains in short ja-stems, but not in long<br>
ja-stems: midja-sweipins 'the flood', niuja-satis 'novice'; but<br>
arbi-numja 'heir', agliti-wardei 'indecent language'. The<br>
ō-, jō-, i-, and u-stems generally retain their stem vowels<br>
when they form the first element of compounds: mōta-stas<br>
'toll-place', ūsundi-fas 'leader of a thousand men',<br>
mari-siws 'sea', fōtu-bard 'footboard'. The n-stem nouns<br>
employ -a- in compounds: uga-darō 'window',<br>
staua-stōls 'judgement seat'. When consonant stems form the first<br>
member of a compound, they sometimes employ the vowel -a- by analogy<br>
with the a-stems, e.g. brōra-lubō 'brotherly love' and<br>
nahta-mats 'supper'.<br>
<br>
Examples of simple adjectives are barhts 'bright', fagrs 'fair',<br>
hils 'whole', siuks 'sick'. Adjectives, like nouns, could be derived<br>
by means of prefixes: ana-siuns 'visible', fram-aldrs 'very old',<br>
un-fagrs 'unfit'. They could likewise be derived through suffixes: the<br>
noun stins 'stone' yields the adjective stinahs 'stony',<br>
ward 'word' yields wardahs 'verbal'. Nominal composition might<br>
even result in an adjective, the so-called bahuvrīhi or exocentric<br>
compound, which describes a person or thing related to the elements of<br>
the compound. Modern English is replete with examples: a blackbelt is<br>
not a belt, but a martial artist possessing a belt which is black;<br>
Blackbeard is not a beard, but a pirate whose beard is black;<br>
well-intentioned descibes a person with good intentions. Examples in<br>
Gothic are manag-fals 'having many parts, manifold', lus-handus<br>
'empty-handed'.<br>
<br>
Examples of some simple verbs are the following: gaggan 'go', l"tan<br>
'let', lisan 'gather', niman 'take', waran 'become'. Verbs were<br>
often derived from nouns and adjectives by means of prefixes and<br>
suffixes. For example, the noun igin 'property' gives<br>
ga-igin-ōn 'take possession of'; skalks 'servant' gives<br>
skalkinōn 'serve'. Many members of the weak verb classes are<br>
examples of just such a process, though at times it is difficult to<br>
discern which is primary, the nominal item or the verbal. For example,<br>
fisks 'a fish' vs. fiskōn 'to fish'; namō 'a name' vs. namnjan<br>
'to name'; weihs 'holy' vs. weihnan 'become holy'.<br>
<br>
The following sections provide charts listing the most common prefixes<br>
and suffixes employed in noun, adjective, and verb derivation.<br>
<br>
45.1. Nominal and Adjectival Prefixes<br>
<br>
Nouns and adjectives employ the same prefixes in the process of<br>
derivation. The following chart gives many of the more important<br>
prefixes, together with their antecedents in the proto-languages, as<br>
well as some examples of their use within Gothic.<br>
<br>
Prefix<br>
<br>
Meaning<br>
<br>
PGmc<br>
<br>
PIE<br>
<br>
Example<br>
<br>
Meaning<br>
<br>
af<br>
<br>
from, off<br>
<br>
*av<br>
<br>
*ap<br>
<br>
af-drugkja<br>
<br>
drunkard<br>
<br>
af-gus<br>
<br>
godless<br>
<br>
af-l"ts<br>
<br>
forgiveness<br>
<br>
afar<br>
<br>
after, next<br>
<br>
*afar<br>
<br>
*po- + -ero<br>
<br>
afar-dags<br>
<br>
the next day<br>
<br>
afar-sabbatus<br>
<br>
the first day after the Sabbath<br>
<br>
ana<br>
<br>
on, upon<br>
<br>
*ana<br>
<br>
*an(u)<br>
<br>
ana-busns<br>
<br>
command<br>
<br>
ana-minds<br>
<br>
supposition<br>
<br>
ana-qiss<br>
<br>
blasphemy<br>
<br>
ana-siuns<br>
<br>
visible<br>
<br>
ana-wars<br>
<br>
future<br>
<br>
and(a)<br>
<br>
against, toward<br>
<br>
*andV<br>
<br>
*antV<br>
<br>
and-ugi<br>
<br>
face<br>
<br>
anda-hafts<br>
<br>
answer<br>
<br>
anda-nahti<br>
<br>
evening<br>
<br>
anda-ahts<br>
<br>
circumspect<br>
<br>
at<br>
<br>
at, to<br>
<br>
*ad<br>
<br>
*ad<br>
<br>
at-ani<br>
<br>
year<br>
<br>
at-witins<br>
<br>
observation<br>
<br>
bi<br>
<br>
by<br>
<br>
*bi<br>
<br>
*bhi<br>
<br>
bi-hit<br>
<br>
strife<br>
<br>
bi-sitands<br>
<br>
neighbor<br>
<br>
dis<br>
<br>
apart, asunder<br>
<br>
Lat. dis-?<br>
<br>
*d(w)is?<br>
<br>
dis-wiss<br>
<br>
dissolution<br>
<br>
far<br>
<br>
around, through<br>
<br>
*fer(i)<br>
<br>
*per(i)<br>
<br>
far-weiti<br>
<br>
spectacle<br>
<br>
far(a)<br>
<br>
before, for<br>
<br>
*fur(a/i)<br>
<br>
*pr(o/i)<br>
<br>
far-hāh<br>
<br>
curtain<br>
<br>
far-stasseis<br>
<br>
chief ruler<br>
<br>
fara-dari<br>
<br>
street<br>
<br>
fara-gagga<br>
<br>
steward<br>
<br>
fara-hāh<br>
<br>
curtain<br>
<br>
fra<br>
<br>
before<br>
<br>
*fra<br>
<br>
*pro<br>
<br>
fra-gifts<br>
<br>
gift, promise<br>
<br>
fra-warhts<br>
<br>
sin<br>
<br>
fra-weit<br>
<br>
revenge<br>
<br>
fram<br>
<br>
from<br>
<br>
*fram<br>
<br>
*pro-mo<br>
<br>
fram-aldrs<br>
<br>
very old<br>
<br>
fram-gāhts<br>
<br>
progress<br>
<br>
ga<br>
<br>
near, at, with<br>
<br>
*ḡa<br>
<br>
*kom<br>
<br>
ga-bars<br>
<br>
birth<br>
<br>
ga-bruka<br>
<br>
fragment<br>
<br>
ga-dōfs<br>
<br>
becoming, fit<br>
<br>
ga-gus<br>
<br>
pious<br>
<br>
ga-hugds<br>
<br>
thought<br>
<br>
ga-juk<br>
<br>
pair<br>
<br>
ga-munds<br>
<br>
remembrance<br>
<br>
ga-skafts<br>
<br>
creation<br>
<br>
ga-warstwa<br>
<br>
fellow worker<br>
<br>
hindar<br>
<br>
behind<br>
<br>
*hindar<br>
<br>
*ki-n-d-ero?<br>
<br>
hindar-weis<br>
<br>
deceitful<br>
<br>
id<br>
<br>
again<br>
<br>
*e<br>
<br>
*eti<br>
<br>
id-weit<br>
<br>
reproach<br>
<br>
in<br>
<br>
in<br>
<br>
*in<br>
<br>
*eni<br>
<br>
in-ahs<br>
<br>
sober<br>
<br>
in-gardja<br>
<br>
one of the same household<br>
<br>
in-ilō<br>
<br>
excuse<br>
<br>
in-kunja<br>
<br>
countryman<br>
<br>
inna<br>
<br>
within<br>
<br>
*inna<br>
<br>
*eni-no?<br>
<br>
inna-kunds<br>
<br>
of the same household<br>
<br>
miss(a)<br>
<br>
various, false<br>
<br>
*missa<br>
<br>
*mit-tā?<br>
<br>
missa-d"s<br>
<br>
misdeed<br>
<br>
missa-leiks<br>
<br>
various<br>
<br>
missa-qiss<br>
<br>
discord<br>
<br>
mi<br>
<br>
with, under, between<br>
<br>
*mi<br>
<br>
*me-ta<br>
<br>
mi-gardi-waddjus<br>
<br>
partition wall<br>
<br>
mi-ga-sina<br>
<br>
travelling companion<br>
<br>
mi-wissei<br>
<br>
conscience<br>
<br>
uf<br>
<br>
up, under<br>
<br>
*uv<br>
<br>
*up<br>
<br>
uf-ieis<br>
<br>
under an oath<br>
<br>
uf-huseins<br>
<br>
obedience<br>
<br>
uf-kuni<br>
<br>
knowledge<br>
<br>
ufar<br>
<br>
over, above<br>
<br>
*uvar<br>
<br>
*uper(i)<br>
<br>
ufar-fulls<br>
<br>
overfull<br>
<br>
ufar-gudja<br>
<br>
chief priest<br>
<br>
un<br>
<br>
not, un-<br>
<br>
*un<br>
<br>
*n<br>
<br>
un-agei<br>
<br>
fearlessness<br>
<br>
un-barands<br>
<br>
barren<br>
<br>
un-frōdei<br>
<br>
without understanding<br>
<br>
un-hili<br>
<br>
disease<br>
<br>
un-mahts<br>
<br>
infirmity<br>
<br>
us<br>
<br>
out of, utterly<br>
<br>
*ūz<br>
<br>
*ūs<br>
<br>
us-filh<br>
<br>
burial<br>
<br>
us-kuns<br>
<br>
well-known<br>
<br>
us-qiss<br>
<br>
accusation<br>
<br>
us-stass<br>
<br>
resurrection<br>
<br>
wira<br>
<br>
against<br>
<br>
*wira<br>
<br>
*wi- + -tero<br>
<br>
wira-wars<br>
<br>
opposite<br>
<br>
45.2. Nominal Suffixes<br>
<br>
Some suffixes were employed solely to derive nouns. The following chart<br>
gives many of the more important suffixes used to derive nouns, together<br>
with their antecedents in the proto-languages, as well as some examples<br>
of their use within Gothic.<br>
<br>
Suffix<br>
<br>
Use<br>
<br>
PGmc<br>
<br>
PIE<br>
<br>
Example<br>
<br>
Meaning<br>
<br>
and<br>
<br>
agent noun<br>
<br>
*Vnd<br>
<br>
*Vnt<br>
<br>
bisitands<br>
<br>
neighbor<br>
<br>
frijōnds<br>
<br>
friend<br>
<br>
fijands<br>
<br>
enemy<br>
<br>
nasjands<br>
<br>
savior<br>
<br>
arja<br>
<br>
agent noun<br>
<br>
Lat. ārius<br>
<br>
bōkareis<br>
<br>
scribe<br>
<br>
lisareis<br>
<br>
teacher<br>
<br>
sōkareis<br>
<br>
disputer<br>
<br>
assu, inassu<br>
<br>
abstract noun<br>
<br>
*(Vn)ass<br>
<br>
*(Vn)-ad-t<br>
<br>
ibnassus<br>
<br>
evenness<br>
<br>
ufarassus<br>
<br>
overflow<br>
<br>
blōtinassus<br>
<br>
worship<br>
<br>
hōrinassus<br>
<br>
adultery<br>
<br>
dūi<br>
<br>
abstract noun<br>
<br>
*dūi<br>
<br>
*tūti<br>
<br>
ajukdūs<br>
<br>
eternity<br>
<br>
managdūs<br>
<br>
abundance<br>
<br>
gamindūs<br>
<br>
communion<br>
<br>
ein<br>
<br>
abstract noun<br>
<br>
*īn<br>
<br>
*īn<br>
<br>
udagei<br>
<br>
blessedness<br>
<br>
diupei<br>
<br>
depth<br>
<br>
laggei<br>
<br>
length<br>
<br>
ia<br>
<br>
abstract noun<br>
<br>
*i<br>
<br>
*it<br>
<br>
aggwia<br>
<br>
anguish<br>
<br>
dubia<br>
<br>
deafness<br>
<br>
sw"ia<br>
<br>
honor<br>
<br>
n<br>
<br>
abstract noun<br>
<br>
*Vn<br>
<br>
*Vn<br>
<br>
dupeins<br>
<br>
baptizing, baptism<br>
<br>
laōns<br>
<br>
calling, invitation<br>
<br>
libins<br>
<br>
living, life<br>
<br>
ōu<br>
<br>
abstract noun<br>
<br>
*ō<br>
<br>
*āt<br>
<br>
gunōus<br>
<br>
mourning<br>
<br>
gabarjōus<br>
<br>
pleasure<br>
<br>
ubni, ufni<br>
<br>
abstract noun<br>
<br>
*uvnja<br>
<br>
*mnjo<br>
<br>
fastubni<br>
<br>
observance<br>
<br>
fristubni<br>
<br>
temptation<br>
<br>
waldufni<br>
<br>
power<br>
<br>
wundufni<br>
<br>
wound<br>
<br>
wa<br>
<br>
abstract noun<br>
<br>
*wa<br>
<br>
*two<br>
<br>
fijawa<br>
<br>
hatred<br>
<br>
frijawa<br>
<br>
love<br>
<br>
saliwōs (pl.)<br>
<br>
dwelling<br>
<br>
45.3. Adjectival Suffixes<br>
<br>
Other suffixes were employed specifically to derive adjectives from<br>
other elements. The following chart gives many of the more important<br>
suffixes used in deriving adjectives, together with their antecedents in<br>
the proto-languages, as well as some examples of their use within<br>
Gothic.<br>
<br>
Suffix<br>
<br>
Use<br>
<br>
PGmc<br>
<br>
PIE<br>
<br>
Example<br>
<br>
Meaning<br>
<br>
aga, aha<br>
<br>
relation<br>
<br>
*aga, aha<br>
<br>
*oko<br>
<br>
udags<br>
<br>
blessed<br>
<br>
gr"dags<br>
<br>
hungry<br>
<br>
inaha<br>
<br>
only<br>
<br>
stinahs<br>
<br>
stony<br>
<br>
eiga<br>
<br>
relation<br>
<br>
*īga<br>
<br>
*īko<br>
<br>
hrōeigs<br>
<br>
victorious<br>
<br>
liseigs<br>
<br>
apt to teach<br>
<br>
mahteigs<br>
<br>
mighty<br>
<br>
warstweigs<br>
<br>
effective<br>
<br>
eina<br>
<br>
material<br>
<br>
*īna<br>
<br>
*īno<br>
<br>
areins<br>
<br>
earthen<br>
<br>
iweins<br>
<br>
eternal<br>
<br>
barizeins<br>
<br>
of barley<br>
<br>
guleins<br>
<br>
golden<br>
<br>
gumeins<br>
<br>
male<br>
<br>
iska<br>
<br>
quality<br>
<br>
*isko<br>
<br>
*isko<br>
<br>
barnisks<br>
<br>
childish<br>
<br>
funisks<br>
<br>
fiery<br>
<br>
gudisks<br>
<br>
godly<br>
<br>
mannisks<br>
<br>
human<br>
<br>
iudawisks<br>
<br>
Jewish<br>
<br>
45.4. Verbal Prefixes<br>
<br>
Many of the prefixes listed above are also used in forming verbs. There<br>
are, however, a few which are proper only to verbs within Gothic. The<br>
following chart gives the more important prefixes applied to verbs,<br>
together with their antecedents in the proto-languages, as well as some<br>
examples of their use within Gothic.<br>
<br>
Prefix<br>
<br>
Meaning<br>
<br>
PGmc<br>
<br>
PIE<br>
<br>
Example<br>
<br>
Meaning<br>
<br>
af<br>
<br>
from, off<br>
<br>
*av<br>
<br>
*ap<br>
<br>
af-ikan<br>
<br>
deny<br>
<br>
af-gaggan<br>
<br>
go away<br>
<br>
af-l"tan<br>
<br>
dismiss<br>
<br>
afar<br>
<br>
after, next<br>
<br>
*afar<br>
<br>
*po- + -ero<br>
<br>
afar-gaggan<br>
<br>
follow<br>
<br>
ana<br>
<br>
on, upon<br>
<br>
*ana<br>
<br>
*an(u)<br>
<br>
ana-ukan<br>
<br>
add to<br>
<br>
ana-hitan<br>
<br>
call on<br>
<br>
ana-hneiwan<br>
<br>
stoop down<br>
<br>
and<br>
<br>
against, toward<br>
<br>
*and<br>
<br>
*ant<br>
<br>
and-bindan<br>
<br>
unbind<br>
<br>
and-niman<br>
<br>
receive<br>
<br>
and-standan<br>
<br>
withstand<br>
<br>
at<br>
<br>
at, to<br>
<br>
*ad<br>
<br>
*ad<br>
<br>
at-ugjan<br>
<br>
show<br>
<br>
at-giban<br>
<br>
give up<br>
<br>
at-saƕan<br>
<br>
take heed<br>
<br>
at-t"kan<br>
<br>
touch<br>
<br>
bi<br>
<br>
by<br>
<br>
*bi<br>
<br>
*bhi<br>
<br>
bi-ukan<br>
<br>
add to<br>
<br>
bi-leiban<br>
<br>
remain<br>
<br>
bi-rinnan<br>
<br>
run about<br>
<br>
dis<br>
<br>
apart, asunder<br>
<br>
Lat. dis-<br>
<br>
*d(w)is?<br>
<br>
dis-diljan<br>
<br>
share<br>
<br>
dis-sitan<br>
<br>
settle upon<br>
<br>
dis-taran<br>
<br>
tear asunder<br>
<br>
du<br>
<br>
to, at<br>
<br>
*tō?<br>
<br>
?<br>
<br>
du-at-gaggan<br>
<br>
go to<br>
<br>
du-ginnan<br>
<br>
begin<br>
<br>
du-rinnan<br>
<br>
run to<br>
<br>
far(a)<br>
<br>
before, for<br>
<br>
*fur(a/i)<br>
<br>
*pr(o/i)<br>
<br>
far-biudan<br>
<br>
forbid<br>
<br>
far-gaggan<br>
<br>
pass by<br>
<br>
far-qian<br>
<br>
excuse<br>
<br>
fara-gaggan<br>
<br>
go before<br>
<br>
fara-standan<br>
<br>
govern<br>
<br>
fra<br>
<br>
before<br>
<br>
*fra<br>
<br>
*pro<br>
<br>
fra-giban<br>
<br>
give<br>
<br>
fra-itan<br>
<br>
devour<br>
<br>
fra-l"tan<br>
<br>
liberate<br>
<br>
ga<br>
<br>
near, at, with<br>
<br>
*ḡa<br>
<br>
*kom<br>
<br>
ga-baran<br>
<br>
bring forth<br>
<br>
ga-hitan<br>
<br>
call together<br>
<br>
ga-kiusan<br>
<br>
approve<br>
<br>
ga-taran<br>
<br>
destroy<br>
<br>
hindar<br>
<br>
behind<br>
<br>
*hindar<br>
<br>
*ki-n-d-ero?<br>
<br>
hindar-leian<br>
<br>
go behind<br>
<br>
in<br>
<br>
in<br>
<br>
*in<br>
<br>
*eni<br>
<br>
in-brannjan<br>
<br>
put in the fire<br>
<br>
in-saƕan<br>
<br>
look at<br>
<br>
tus<br>
<br>
(pejorative)<br>
<br>
*tuz<br>
<br>
*dus<br>
<br>
tuz-w"rjan<br>
<br>
doubt<br>
<br>
twis<br>
<br>
two, separate, apart<br>
<br>
*twis<br>
<br>
*dwis<br>
<br>
twis-standan<br>
<br>
depart from one, diverge<br>
<br>
arh<br>
<br>
through<br>
<br>
*erx<br>
<br>
*ter-kwe<br>
<br>
arh-baran<br>
<br>
carry through<br>
<br>
arh-gaggan<br>
<br>
go through<br>
<br>
arh-wisan<br>
<br>
remain<br>
<br>
uf<br>
<br>
up, under<br>
<br>
*uv<br>
<br>
*up<br>
<br>
uf-bl"san<br>
<br>
blow up<br>
<br>
uf-brikan<br>
<br>
reject<br>
<br>
uf-dupjan<br>
<br>
baptize<br>
<br>
uf-husjan<br>
<br>
submit<br>
<br>
uf-ligan<br>
<br>
lie under<br>
<br>
ufar<br>
<br>
over, above<br>
<br>
*uvar<br>
<br>
*uper(i)<br>
<br>
ufar-gaggan<br>
<br>
trangress<br>
<br>
ufar-munnōn<br>
<br>
forget<br>
<br>
ufar-steigan<br>
<br>
mount up<br>
<br>
und<br>
<br>
to, toward<br>
<br>
*un<br>
<br>
*nt<br>
<br>
und-greipan<br>
<br>
seize<br>
<br>
und-rinnan<br>
<br>
run to<br>
<br>
una<br>
<br>
away from<br>
<br>
*una<br>
<br>
*nto<br>
<br>
una-liuhan<br>
<br>
escape<br>
<br>
us<br>
<br>
out of, utterly<br>
<br>
*ūz<br>
<br>
*ūs<br>
<br>
us-anan<br>
<br>
expire<br>
<br>
us-dreiban<br>
<br>
drive out<br>
<br>
us-lubjan<br>
<br>
permit<br>
<br>
us-qian<br>
<br>
proclaim<br>
<br>
wira<br>
<br>
against<br>
<br>
*wira<br>
<br>
*wi- + -tero<br>
<br>
wira-gaggan<br>
<br>
go to meet<br>
<br>
wira-mōtjan<br>
<br>
go to meet<br>
<br>
45.5. Verbal Suffixes<br>
<br>
The most common suffixes employed in deriving verbs have actually been<br>
dealt with separately. These are in fact the suffixes of most of the<br>
weak verb classes. In many instances, however, such derivation had taken<br>
place long before Gothic became a separate language in the Germanic<br>
family. There are, however, a few additional suffixes used to derive<br>
verbs; but they are not sufficiently numerous to form separate verb<br>
classes as such. The following chart lists these suffixes, together with<br>
their antecedents in the proto-languages, as well as some examples of<br>
their use within Gothic.<br>
<br>
Suffix<br>
<br>
Use<br>
<br>
PGmc<br>
<br>
PIE<br>
<br>
Example<br>
<br>
Meaning<br>
<br>
atjan<br>
<br>
intensive<br>
<br>
*at-jan<br>
<br>
*ad-jan<br>
<br>
lahatjan<br>
<br>
lighten<br>
<br>
kupatjan<br>
<br>
buffet, beat<br>
<br>
swōgatjan<br>
<br>
sigh, groan<br>
<br>
inōn<br>
<br>
*in-ōn<br>
<br>
gudjinōn<br>
<br>
be a priest<br>
<br>
ga-iginōn<br>
<br>
take possession of<br>
<br>
skalkinōn<br>
<br>
serve<br>
<br>
hōrinōn<br>
<br>
commit adultery<br>
<br>
--- In <a href="mailto:gothic-l%40yahoogroups.com">gothic-l@yahoogroups.com</a>, "kevin.behrens@..."<br>
<becareful_icanseeyourfuture@...> wrote:<br>
><br>
> Hello,<br>
> I am always wondering, how to make nouns out of verbs or adjectives in<br>
gothic. First there are verbal nouns like "the making", how are they<br>
made of the several verbs? And how are those made like "the search" out<br>
of "to search"? (I only read that -jan verbs turn into -eins -> sokjan,<br>
sokeins. But what about the other verbs?) And last but not least, how<br>
are the nouns created that say, that somebody is doing something: "to<br>
drive" -> "driver". I have to know it for all the verb classes, I guess<br>
there are different variations how to make that. Could you please help<br>
me or know some sources where this is explained?<br>
> Thank you very much.<br>
> Greetings<br>
> Kevin<br>
><br>
<br>
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]<br>
<br>
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