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<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Preliminary call for papers for a workshop
at ICHL 20 (Osaka, 25-30 July 2011)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Subject: Exaptation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Convenors: Muriel Norde (University of
Groningen) & Freek Van de Velde (University of Leuven)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Contact: <a
href="mailto:freek.vandevelde@arts.kuleuven.be">freek.vandevelde@arts.kuleuven.be</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>Deadline: 13 september 2010 (no specific
title or abstract needed at this point. Just let us know whether you are
interested in participating).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US>Although some
morphological changes seem to obey general tendencies, as formulated for
instance by Kuryłowicz or Mańczak (see Hock 1986, ch.10) or Van Loon (2005),
most of these tendencies can just as easily be violated. Diachronic morphology
is largely idiosyncratic (Joseph 1998). Morphological paradigms appear to be
ripped up at random in order to establish “local generalizations”
(Joseph 1992). One particular way in which unpredictable changes come about is
through ‘bricolage’ with junk morphology, which goes under the name
of <i>exaptation</i> (Lass 1990, 1997: 316ff.).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US>Exaptation is a
concept that was first used in evolutionary biology, to refer to co-optation of
a certain trait for a new function. A typical example is the use of feathers,
originally serving a thermo-regulatory function, for flight. In linguistics,
exaptation is defined as follows: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify'><span
lang=EN-US>“Say a language has a grammatical distinction of some sort,
coded by means of morphology. Then say this distinction is jettisoned, PRIOR TO
the loss of the morphological material that codes it. This morphology is now,
functionally speaking, junk; and there are three things that can in principle
be done with it: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt'><span
lang=EN-US>(i) it can be dumped entirely;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:70.65pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.25pt'><span lang=EN-US>(ii) it can be kept as marginal garbage or
nonfunctional/nonexpressive residue (suppletion, 'irregularity');<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:70.65pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.25pt'><span lang=EN-US>(iii) it can be kept, but instead of being
relegated as in (ii), it can be used for something else, perhaps just as
systematic. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.25pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
35.4pt'><span lang=EN-US>(...)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:35.25pt'><span
lang=EN-US>Option (iii) is linguistic exaptation.” (Lass 1990: 81-82)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US>Lass originally
understood exaptation in a rather narrow sense. First, the term exaptation was
reserved for changes affecting functionless (or ‘junk’) morphology.
Second, in order to qualify as exaptation, the new function of a morpheme
needed to be entirely novel. In Lass’s own words: “Exaptation then
is the opportunistic co-optation of a feature whose origin is unrelated or only
marginally related to its later use. In other words (loosely) a ‘conceptual
novelty’ or ‘invention’.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US>Both criteria
have been criticized. With regard to the first criterion, Vincent (1995: 435),
Giacalone Ramat (1998), Smith (2006) and Willis (ms.) pointed out difficulties
with regard to the notion of junk. And indeed, Lass later stretched his notion
of exaptation, admitting that linguistic exaptation - just like biological
exaptation - could also affect non-junk morphology (see Lass 1997: 318), to the
effect that the old and the new function may co-exist. Doubt has also been
raised with regard to the second criterion, the novelty of the new function,
which is central to the notion of exaptation according to Lass (1990: 82) (see
also Norde 2001: 244, 2009: 117 and Traugott 2004). Some scholars have argued
against the purported novelty of the function after exaptation (Vincent 1995:
436; Giacalone Ramat 1998, Hopper & Traugott 2003: 135-136). If this
criterion is jettisoned, we arrive at a fairly broad definition of exaptation,
like for instance in Booij (2010: 211), who defines it as “[t]he re-use
of morphological markers”. Such a broad conception of exaptation is in
line with the notion in evolutionary biology, where neither of the two criteria
is decisive for the application of the term to shifts in function, but the
question then arises whether this does not make the concept vacuous (see De
Cuypere 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US>Despite these
criticisms, exaptation has been used as a convenient label for morphological
changes that at first sight seem to proceed unpredictably, e.g. by running
counter to grammaticalization clines (see Norde 2009: 115-118). It has been
applied to various cases of morphological change, discussed in Lass (1990),
Norde (2002), Fudeman (2004), Van de Velde (2005, 2006), Narrog (2007), Booij
(2010, ms.), Willis (ms.) among others.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US>In this
workshop, we aim to come to terms with exaptation. Apart from specific case
studies drawing on original data, we welcome papers that address the following
issues: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>(1)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>Do we need exaptation in
diachronic morphology, or does it reduce to more traditional mechanisms such as
reanalysis and analogy, as e.g. De Cuypere (2005) argues?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>(2)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>Does exaptation only apply to
morphology (Heine 2003: 173), or is it relevant to syntactic change as well, as
Brinton & Stein (1995) have argued?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>(3)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>Does exaptation presuppose
irregularity and unpredictability? If so, does this entail that exaptation is
language-specific (as argued by Heine 2003: 173), and that cross-linguistics
generalizations are not possible? See, however, Narrog (2007) for evidence to
the contrary.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>(4)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>Does exaptation happen
primarily in cases of ‘system disruption’, such as typological word
order change or deflection (see Norde 2002: 49, 60, 61)?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>(5)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>How should we define the
concept of ‘novelty’, and is it a useful criterion for a change to
be qualified as exaptation? Currently, there seem to be different views in the
literature on what is exactly understood by a ‘new’ function. Does
this mean (a) an entirely new category in the grammar, (b) a function unrelated
to the morpheme’s old function, or (c) a different though perhaps not
totally unrelated function from the old function?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>(6)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>Is exaptation infrequent (Heine
2003:174, Traugott 2004) and non-recurrent (as argued by Heine 2003: 172)? Or
can one morpheme undergo several successive stages of exaptation (as argued by
Giacalone Ramat 1998: 110-111 with regard to the -<i>sk</i>- suffix and by Van
de Velde 2006 with regard to the Germanic adjective inflection)?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>(7)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>What is the relation between
exaptation and grammaticalization? Do they refer to fundamentally different
kinds of changes (Vincent 1995), is exaptation a final stage of
grammaticalization (Greenberg 1991, Traugott 2004), or are exaptation and
grammaticalization just two different labels for the same type of change? After
all, both processes involve reanalysis (Narrog 2007), both processes can come
about through pragmatic strengthening (see Croft 2000: 126-130). Furthermore,
if the old and new function of the exaptatum co-exist (see above) and if the
new function is related to the old one, then exaptation involves
‘layering’ and ‘persistence’, respectively (see Van de
Velde 2006: 61-62), which are also key features of grammaticalization (see
Hopper 1991). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>(8)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>What is the relation between
exaptation and degrammaticalization? Does exaptation always entail some sort of
‘degrammaticalization’ (as argued by Heine 2003 and arguably Narrog
2007: 9, 18), or does exaptation often, but not always, go together with
degrammaticalization (Norde 2009: 118)?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>(9)<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US>Is exaptation the same thing as
what Greenberg (1991) understands by ‘regrammaticalization’ and as
what Croft (2000) understands by ‘hypoanalysis’, or are there
significant differences between these concepts? And what is the overlap with
related concept such as ‘functional renewal’ (Brinton & Stein
1995)?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US>References<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Booij, G. 2010 (to appear). <i>Construction
morphology</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Booij, G. manuscript. Recycling morphology: Case
endings as markers of Dutch constructions.
<http://www.hum2.leidenuniv.nl/booijge/pdf/Recycling%20morphology.pdf>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-GB>Brinton, L. & D. Stein. </span><span lang=EN-US>1995.
Functional renewal. </span><span lang=EN-GB>In: H. Andersen (ed.), <i>Historical
Linguistics 1993</i></span><span lang=EN-US>. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 33-47.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Croft, W. 2000. <i>Explaining language change. An
evolutionary approach. </i>Harlow : Longman.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>De Cuypere, L. 2005. Exploring exaptation in
language change. <i>Folia Linguistica Historica</i> 26: 13-26.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Fudeman, K. 2004. Adjectival agreement vs. adverbal
inflection in Balanta. <i>Lingua</i> 114: 105-23.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Giacalone Ramat, A. 1998. Testing the boundaries of
grammaticalization. In: A. Giacalone Ramat & P.J. Hopper (eds.), <i>The
limits of grammaticalization</i>. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 227-2</span><span
lang=EN-GB>70.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-GB>Greenberg, J.H. 1991. The last stages of grammatical
elements: Contractive and expansive desemanticization. In: E.C. Traugott &
B. Heine (eds.), <i>Approaches to grammaticalization</i>. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
301-314.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-GB>Heine, B. 2003. On degrammaticalization. In: B.J.
Blake & K. Burridge (eds.), <i>Historical linguistics 2001</i>. Amsterdam:
Benjamins. 163-179.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-GB>Hock, H.H. 1986. </span><i><span lang=EN-US>Principles
of historical linguistics</span></i><span lang=EN-US>. Berlin: de Gruyter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Hopper, P.J. 1991. On some principles of
grammaticalization. </span><span lang=EN-GB>In: E.C. Traugott & B. Heine
(eds.), </span><i><span lang=EN-US>Approaches to grammaticalization</span></i><span
lang=EN-US>. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 17-35.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Hopper, P.J. & E.C. Traugott. 2003.
Grammaticalization. 2<sup>nd</sup> edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Joseph, B.D. 1992. Diachronic explanation: Putting
the speaker back into the picture. In: G.W. Davis & G.K. Iverson (eds.), <i>Explanations
in historical linguistics</i>. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 123-144.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Joseph, B.D. 1998. Diachronic morphology. In: A.
Spencer & A.M. Zwicky (eds.), <i>Handbook of morphology</i>. Oxford:
Blackell. 351-373.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Lass, R. 1990. How to do things with junk:
Exaptation in language evolution. <i>Journal of Linguistics</i> 26: 79-102.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Lass, R. 1997. <i>Historical linguistics and
language change</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-GB>Narrog, H. 2007. Exaptation, grammaticalization, and
reanalysis. <i>California Linguistic Notes</i> 32 (1).
<http://hss.fullerton.edu/linguistics/cln/pdf/Exaptation_Narrog.pdf>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Norde, M. 2001. Deflexion as a counterdirectional
factor in grammatical change. <i>Language Sciences</i> 23: 231-264.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Norde, M. 2002. The final stages of
grammaticalization: Affixhood and beyond. In: I. Wischer & G. Diewald
(eds.), <i>New reflections on grammaticalization</i>. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
45-81.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Norde, M. 2009. <i>Degrammaticalization</i>. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Smith, J.C. 2006. </span><span lang=EN-GB>How to do
things without junk: the refunctionalization of a pronominal subsystem between
Latin and Romance. In: J.-P.Y. Montreuil (ed.), <i>New perspectives on Romance
linguistics</i>. Volume II: <i>Phonetics, phonology and dialectology</i>.
Amsterdam: Benjamins. 183-205.</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Traugott, E.C. 2004. Exaptation and
grammaticalization. In: M. Akimoto (ed.), <i>Linguistic studies based on
corpora</i>. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo. 133-156.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Van de Velde, F. 2005. Exaptatie en subjectificatie
in de Nederlandse adverbiale morfologie [Exaptation and subjectification in
Dutch adverbial morphology]. </span><i><span lang=NL>Handelingen der
Koninklijke Zuid-Nederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal- en Letterkunde en
Geschiedenis</span></i><span lang=NL> 58: 105-124.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=NL>Van de Velde, F. 2006. Herhaalde exaptatie. Een
diachrone analyse van de Germaanse adjectiefflexie [Iterative exaptation. A
diachronic analysis of the Germanic adjectival inflection]. In: M. Hüning, A.
Verhagen, U. Vogl & T. van der Wouden (eds.), <i>Nederlands tussen Duits en
Engels</i>. Leiden: Stichting Neerlandistiek Leiden. 47-69.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=NL>Van Loon, J. 2005. <i>Principles of historical
morphology</i>. </span><span lang=EN-US>Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Vincent, N. 1995. Exaptation and grammaticalization.
In: H. Andersen (ed.), <i>Historical linguistics 1993</i>. Amsterdam:
Benjamins. 433-445.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.45pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-35.45pt'><span lang=EN-US>Willis, D. Manuscript. Degrammaticalization and
obsolescent morphology: Evidence from Slavonic. <
http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/dwew2/willis_degramm_berlin.pdf>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#4F81BD'>Freek Van de
Velde<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#4F81BD'>Postdoctoral
research fellow<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#4F81BD'>Research
Foundation Flanders (FWO), University of Leuven<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#4F81BD'>Fac.
of Arts, Dept. of Linguistics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#4F81BD'>Blijde
Inkomststraat 21, P.O. Box 3308<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#4F81BD'>BE-3000
Leuven<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#4F81BD'>Tel.
0032 16 32 47 81<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#4F81BD'>Fax
0032 16 32 47 67<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#4F81BD'>http://wwwling.arts.kuleuven.be/nedling/fvandevelde/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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