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No doubt, languages reflects the world view of the cultures that use them.
 However, all languages must also function as practical means of communication
and survival--and all languages do in fact serve very well in this way, in
the context of the culture that the language is found in. Â As cultures change,
languages change with them, and although some things are always lost, the
fact remains that all languages represent a treasure trove of shared cultural
history--of not only the present, but the past as well. Â <br>
<br>
What a lot of people fail to grasp is the amazing adaptability of the human
language. Â As I said before, it's not difficult for me to believe that some
cultures have little need to do extensive counting, and that their languages
reflect this. Â What I DON'T believe is that these people are imprisoned by
their languages--that their languages, as the article states lack the "right"
linguistic resources. Â Those resources can and will be developed as needed,
even if it involves linguistic borrowing, which is a perfectly natural and
legitimate form of language evolution. Â <br>
<br>
The deficit view, which depends partially on denying the adaptive quality
of human language, and which is refuted by the vast majority of research
on language, in my experience is one of the biggest enemies of language preservation.
 "They are all right in the bush, but you can't possibly expect them to deal
with the modern world." Â Nonsense, I say. Â If the Israelis can take Hebrew
from being a nearly dead ceremonial language to the lingua franca of a fairly
high-tech society, any language community can do the same. Â There is no such
thing as a "primitive" language, no matter how dearly some people seem determined
to discover one. Â <br>
<br>
Myra Shawaway wrote:<br>
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cite="mid002201c486eb$7de654a0$1d40420a@ctwsdom.pri">
<pre wrap="">Interesting? the idea of having an exacting concept to numbers and time in
a scientific sense, has created difficulties in preservation of our
languages. As I work with our speakers of languages, I believe that the
concept of numbers is a seen thing, or sense of duty to cultural
environment, as is the sense of time when spoken about in past events that
have occured. As our oral traditions are diminishing, so is the ability to
grasp the skills needed for passing on our languages. We are moving from a
natural way of understanding needs and environment, to enjoying the comforts
of science and the outcomes.
----- Original Message -----
From: "Matthew Ward" <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:mward@LUNA.CC.NM.US"><mward@LUNA.CC.NM.US></a>
To: <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:ILAT@LISTSERV.ARIZONA.EDU"><ILAT@LISTSERV.ARIZONA.EDU></a>
Sent: Friday, August 20, 2004 7:02 AM
Subject: Re: Study of obscure Amazon tribe sheds new light on how language
affects perception (fwd)
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<pre wrap="">I particularly like this sentence:
"What these experiments show, according to Gordon, is how having the
right linguistic resources can carve out one's reality."
The "right" lingustic resources, eh? I suppose that this study is seen as
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<pre wrap=""><!---->evidence that some people just don't have the right stuff--gotta get those
Portuguese-speakers in there to right the situation.
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<pre wrap="">I'm curious to see if, in 20 years, we are going to read an article
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<pre wrap=""><!---->showing that the claims made about this tribe are about as accurate as
Whorf's claim that Hopi had no words for time...
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<pre wrap="">
phil cash cash wrote:
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<pre wrap="">Public release date: 19-Aug-2004
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-08/tccu-soo081804.php">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-08/tccu-soo081804.php</a>
Contact: Diane Dobry
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:dd173@columbia.edu">dd173@columbia.edu</a>
212-678-3979
Teachers College, Columbia University
Study of obscure Amazon tribe sheds new light on how language affects
perception
Controversial linguistic hypothesis is supported by Teachers College
(Columbia University) professor's observation of tribe whose language
contains no words for numbers beyond 'one,' 'two' and 'many.'
During the late 1930s, amateur linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf posed the
theory that language can determine the nature and content of thought.
But are there concepts in one culture that people of another culture
simply cannot understand because their language has no words for it?
No one has ever definitively answered that question, but new findings by
Dr. Peter Gordon, a bio-behavioral scientist at Teachers College,
Columbia University, strongly support a "yes" answer. Gordon has spent
the past several years studying the Pirahã, an isolated Amazon tribe of
fewer than 200 people, whose language contains no words for numbers
beyond "one," "two" and "many." Even the Piraha word for "one" appears
to refer to "roughly one" or a small quantity, as opposed to the exact
connotation of singleness in other languages.
What these experiments show, according to Gordon, is how having the
right linguistic resources can carve out one's reality. "Whorf says
that language divides the world into different categories," Gordon
said. "Whether one language chooses to distinguish one thing versus
another affects how an individual perceives reality."
When given numerical tasks by Gordon in which they were asked to match
small sets of objects in varying configurations, adult members of the
tribe responded accurately with up to two or three items, but their
performance declined when challenged with eight to 10 items, and
dropped to zero with larger sets of objects. The only exception to this
performance was with tasks involving unevenly spaced objects. Here, the
performance of participants deteriorated as the number of items
increased to 6 items. Yet for sets of 7 to 10 objects, performance was
near perfect. Though these tasks were designed to be more difficult,
Gordon hypothesizes that the uneven spacing allowed subjects to
perceive the items as smaller "chunks" of 2 or 3 items that they could
then match to corresponding groups.
According to the study, performance by the Piraha was poor for set sizes
above 2 or 3, but it was not random. "Pirahã participants were actually
trying very hard to get the answers correct, and they clearly
understood the tasks," Gordon said. Participants showed evidence of
using methods of estimation and chunking to guess at quantities in
larger set sizes. On average, they performed about as well as college
students engaged in more complex numerical estimation tasks. Their
skill levels were similar to those in pre-linguistic infants, monkeys,
birds and rodents, and appeared to correlate to recent brain imaging
studies indicating a different sort of numerical competence that seems
to be immune to numerical language deprivation. Interestingly, Gordon
noted, while Pirahã adults had difficulty learning larger numbers,
Piraha children did not.
While the Pirahã words for "one" and "two" do not necessarily always
refer to those specific amounts, Gordon also found that members of the
tribe never used those words in combination to denote larger
quantities. In the study, they also used their fingers in addition to
their verbal statement of quantity, but this practice, too, was found
to be highly inaccurate even for small numbers less than five.
The Pirahã language has no word for "number," and pronouns do not
designate number--"he" and "they" are the same word. Most standard
quantifiers like "more," "several," "all," and "each" do not exist. In
general, while containing a very complex verb structure common to many
Native American languages, the Pirahã language does not allow for
certain kinds of comparative constructions. For example, it was not
possible to ask participants whether one group of objects "has more
nuts than the other" because of the lack of that construction in the
Pirahã grammar. Yet, the word they use for "many," which in that
language was derived from a form ob the verb meaning "to bring
together," is distinct from a word that means something like "much."
###
Details of the study will appear in the Thursday, August 19, issue of
the journal Science.
Teachers College is the largest graduate school of education in the
nation. Teachers College is affiliated with Columbia University, but it
is legally and financially independent. The editors of U.S. News and
World Report have ranked Teachers College as one of the leading
graduate schools of education in the country. For more information,
please visit the college's Web site at <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.tc.columbia.edu">www.tc.columbia.edu</a>.
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