<font face="courier new,courier,monospace">Preserving the Klamath
tongue<br /><br />Published July 31, 2005<br
/>http://www.heraldandnews.com/articles/2005/07/31/news/top_stories/top1.txt<br
/><br />When Mabie "Neva" Eggsman died two years ago at the
venerable age of 95, the earth that covered her grave extinguished the
light of one of the last living keepers of the Klamath language.<br
/><br />Eggsman was the Klamath Tribes' master language teacher, and
her death left a void the Tribes have been struggling to fill since.<br
/><br />The Tribes are facing the same dilemma that many other American
Indian groups around the country are dealing with: how to keep a
language alive that has seemingly lost its usefulness in an
increasingly English-speaking world.<br /><br />Now the future of the
Klamath language is balanced on the head of a pin.<br /><br />Whether
it falls to the wayside or is resurrected depends on a generation of
children who may or may not be interested in a language that has no
words for i-Pod or Gameboy.<br /><br />Randee Sheppard is one of two
part-time language teachers for the Tribes. She takes the language into
the classrooms of Mills and Chiloquin elementary schools and helps teach
at the Culture Camp the Tribes hold for children every year.<br /><br
/>It's hard when she herself isn't fluent, and has been left without
anyone she can actually talk with, she said.<br /><br />Keeping
children interested is actually easier than getting adults to learn the
language, and adult classes held at the Tribes' office often draw only
one or two people.<br /><br />It's worth it to her, though.<br /><br
/>"I think the language is actually a big part of the
culture," she said. "It's the only thing we really have
that's ours."<br /><br />Klamath, and its sister language Modoc,
are on the brink of extinction, meaning there are no known living
native speakers.<br /><br />Some ethnologists classify the languages as
already extinct, but tribal members think there may be some speakers
they don't know about.<br /><br />Protectors of the Klamath language,
as well as Modoc and the Paiute dialect spoken by the Yahooskin, aren't
alone in their struggle to keep the language alive.<br /><br />In the
Western hemisphere, an estimated 500 languages spoken by indigenous
people are now endangered or extinct. Almost all of the 300 others that
are in a healthy state are in Central and South America.<br /><br
/>Despite daunting odds and stretched resources, members of the Klamath
Tribes are joining many other American Indian tribes that are struggling
to preserve their language for future generations.<br /><br />Klamath
Tribes Council Member Bobby David, 70, grew up hearing his grandparents
speak Klamath early in the morning together as they cooked breakfast.<br
/><br />While speaking the language of their parents they could hold on
to some of the old ways.<br /><br />"They isolated themselves with
the language," David said.<br /><br />Later in the day, with their
children and grandchildren, they switched to English.<br /><br />By
David's estimation, by the 1940s the language had pretty much died out
on the reservation.<br /><br />Also leading to the loss of native
languages was the fact people on the reservation were speaking at least
three different languages - Klamath, Modoc and Yahooskin.<br /><br
/>Klamath and Modoc are very similar, but Yahooskin is completely
separate. It was a factor in making English a unifying language.<br
/><br />Children in the early half of the 20th century were sent to
Indian boarding schools where English was the only language allowed.
Speaking native languages, even after they returned home, was
forbidden.<br /><br />It was an experience that left many people bitter
and unwilling to speak the language.<br /><br />"We were not
allowed to even speak with each other," said Marni Morrow, one of
the organizers of the Tribes' Culture Camp.<br /><br />The camp was
created as a way to bring children back to their heritage and pique
interest in indigenous ways.<br /><br />Children at the camp spent last
week on the banks of the Williamson River, floating in a hand-carved
canoe, picking waxy currants and playing traditional stick games.<br
/><br />They spent part of the time sitting in the shade and learning
Klamath words and phrases printed in activity books.<br /><br />Morrow,
like Sheppard, believes it's up to this generation to guard the
language, and that teachings like these are instrumental.<br /><br
/>"These kids will have it, as opposed to my generation that lost
it, and the older generation that was afraid," she said. "I
see we're coming back, and we're not afraid."<br /><br />The state
has also stepped in to help keep native languages in tact.<br /><br
/>Oregon passed a law in 2001 that allows native languages to be taught
by people who pass a proficiency test but may not necessarily have a
teacher's license.<br /><br />David, who can speak some but isn't
fluent, is one of the certified teachers. He said learning the language
is important to connect people to their past.<br /><br />"I think
there's a connection," he said. "I know what I'm doing now,
but what did I do? Where do I come from? Where is my past?" he
said.<br /><br />There is federal grant money to help American Indian
tribes protect their language, but the money is scarce and competition
is fierce.<br /><br />Gerald Skelton, the Tribes' director of culture
and heritage, said trying to regain the language can seem like an
overwhelming task.<br /><br />"It's a big challenge," he
said. "Man, it's like you have all these factors working against
you."<br /><br />The Klamath Tribes are more fortunate than some.
They have materials to work with.<br /><br />Two dictionaries of words
were compiled by linguists - one in the late 1800s and another in the
1950s when there were still about 300 people who could speak the
language.<br /><br />Tapes, based on recording of native speakers, and
instructional books have been made for people trying to learn the
language.<br /><br />Tribal member Georgene Wright-Nelson would like to
take the educational materials one step further.<br /><br />She wants to
put together a full curriculum that doesn't rely on an outsider's
interpretation of the language.<br /><br />"It's not enough to
just focus on how to pronounce words," she said. "You have to
define the culture it comes from. Unless you come from that culture, you
don't understand the significance of those words."<br /><br
/>Ironically, some of the most fluent speakers left are non-tribal
members such Curt Stanton.<br /><br />Stanton lives in a trailer
outside of Sprague River with a caretaker, a couple of dogs and three
families of cats that make their homes in various woodpiles and sheds
around his trailer.<br /><br />The octogenarian is from a hardscrabble
Pennsylvania coal mining town. He married a Klamath-Modoc woman, Edna
Cowin, after disembarking from the USS Intrepid more than 60 years
ago.<br /><br />He learned to speak the language back then because
Cowin's older relatives spoke no English.<br /><br />Stanton adopted
much of the Klamath culture, as well the language.<br /><br />He made a
niche for himself in Klamath society, making friends with members of the
Tribes through both hard partying and a determination to pick up some of
the old ways.<br /><br />"Seems the meaner they was to me, the more
they took care of me," he said.<br /><br />Now except for an
occasional Waq lis ?i (pronounced wok-klee-see), the Klamath and Modoc
greeting, he exchanges with friends in Chiloquin, he's left without a
soul to talk to.<br /><br />"When we were so young, we were so
busy chasing the bottle and being modern, we thought the old people
would be here forever," he said. "We woke up one day and it
was all gone."<br /><br />Klamath language words<br /><br />The
word "Klamath," of uncertain origin, does not come from the
Klamath-Modoc language.<br /><br />Following are words from the Klamath
language. The question mark indicates a gutteral sound, like an opening
of the vocal chords.<br /><br />?ewksiknii - People of the Lake
(Klamath)<br /><br />moowat'aakknii - People of the South (Modoc)<br
/><br />goos - tree<br /><br />p'as - food<br /><br />c'waam - sucker
or mullet<br /><br />?anko - wood<br /><br />lac'as - house<br /><br
/>y'ayn'a - mountain<br /><br />lilhanks - deer<br /><br />s?abas -
sun<br /></font>