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<font size="-1" color="#006699">The study of geometrical understanding
among the Mundurukú, who live in remote areas along the Cururu River in
Brazil, is described this week in the journal Science. (Photos © Pierre
Pica and CNRS)
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<h2>Indigenous Amazonians display core understanding of
geometry</h2><i><h4>Findings suggest basic geometrical knowledge is a
universal constituent<br /> of the human mind</h4></i>
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<b>By Steve Bradt
</b>
<br />
<font size="-1">FAS Communications
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<p>Researchers in France and at Harvard University have found that
isolated indigenous peoples deep in the Amazon readily grasp basic
concepts of geometry such as points, lines, parallelism, and right
angles, and can use distance, angle, and other relationships in maps to
locate hidden objects. The results suggest that geometry is a core set
of intuitions present in all humans, regardless of their language or
schooling.
</p>
<p>The study of geometrical understanding among the Mundurukú, who live
in remote areas along the Cururu River in Brazil, is described this
week in the journal Science.
</p>
<p>"Although there has been a lot of research on spatial maps,
navigation, and sense of direction, there is very little work on the
conceptual representations in geometry," says co-author Stanislas
Dehaene of the Collège de France in Paris. "What is meant by
'point,'
'line,' 'parallel,' 'square' versus 'rectangle'? All are highly
idealized concepts never met in physical reality. Our work is a first
start in the exploration of these concepts."
</p>
<p>
The work by Dehaene and colleagues suggests that such concepts are
largely universal across humans.
</p>
<p>"While geometrical concepts can be enriched by culture-specific
devices like maps, or the terms of a natural language, underneath this
variability lies a shared set of geometrical concepts," says
co-author
Elizabeth S. Spelke, a professor of psychology in Harvard's Faculty of
Arts and Sciences. "These concepts allow adults and children with
no
formal education, and minimal spatial language, to categorize
geometrical forms and to use geometrical relationships to represent the
surrounding spatial layout."
</p>
<p>Dehaene, Spelke, and co-authors Véronique Izard and Pierre Pica
developed and administered two different sets of tests during visits to
the Mundurukú in 2004 and 2005. Their first test, designed to assess
comprehension of basic concepts such as points, lines, parallelism,
figure, congruence, and symmetry, presented arrays of six images, one
of which was subtly dissimilar. For instance, five comparable
trapezoids might be matched with a sixth nontrapezoidal quadrilateral
of similar size. The Mundurukú were then asked, in their own language,
which of the images was "weird" or "ugly."
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<font size="-1" color="#006699">Mundurukú subjects, even those as young
as 6 years old, chose the correct image an average 66.8 percent of the
time, showing competence with basic concepts of topology, Euclidean
geometry and basic geometrical figures. The performance of both
Mundurukú adults and children on the task rivaled that of American
children in separate testing done by the scientists.
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<p>"If the Mundurukú share with us the conceptual primitives of
geometry," the researchers write, "they should infer the
intended
geometrical concept behind each array and therefore select the
discrepant image."
</p>
<p>Mundurukú subjects, even those as young as 6 years old, chose the
correct image an average 66.8 percent of the time, showing competence
with basic concepts of topology, Euclidean geometry, and basic
geometrical figures. The performance of both Mundurukú adults and
children on the task rivaled that of American children in separate
testing done by the scientists, while the performance of American
adults was significantly higher.
</p>
<p>Dehaene, Spelke, and colleagues also administered an abstract map
test where subjects were given a simple diagram to identify which of
three containers arrayed in a triangle on the ground hid an object.
Both Mundurukú adults and children were able to relate the geometrical
information on the map to geometrical relationships in the environment,
attaining an overall success rate of 71 percent that again matched the
performance of American children while lagging behind that of American
adults. </p>
<p>
The superior performance of Western adults suggests that formal
education enhances or refines geometrical concepts. Nevertheless, the
report concludes, "the spontaneous understanding of geometrical
concepts and maps by this remote human community provides evidence that
core geometrical knowledge ... is a universal constituent of the human
mind."
</p>
<p>The study of human geometrical knowledge has a long history, dating
back at least to Socrates' probing of the intuitions of an uneducated
slave in a Greek household, chronicled by Plato approximately 2,400
years ago.
</p>
<p>"Many of the references in our paper are from Plato, Riemann,
and
Poincaré," Dehaene says. "What excited us was the ability to
ask
experimentally some questions which belong to a very long history of
questions about the foundations of geometry."
</p>
<p>Dehaene, Izard, Pica, and Spelke's work was supported by INSERM,
CNRS, the National Institutes of Health, and the McDonnell Foundation.
</p>
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/daily/2006/01/19-amazon.html<br />