<table width="100%" border="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><strong><font
face="Arial Narrow">[April 16, 2006]</font></strong></td> <td
align="right"><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table><p> </p><h1
style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight:
bold; margin-bottom: 0px;">Indigenous People Demand More Over Medicinal
Plants</h1>http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/04/16/1576183.htm<br /><br
/> (The
Monitor (Uganda) Via Thomson Dialog NewsEdge)Indigenous peoples and
peasant farmers who have helped develop the world's plant genetic
resources through their traditional knowledge say negotiations aimed at
the commercial exploitation of plants must involve them from the very
start.<br /><p><span style="float: left; padding-right: 5px;"> <script
language="JavaScript"> </script> </span></p>But
their demands have turned into a long-running dispute over sovereignty,
national boundaries and ownership of knowledge. As the Curitiba meeting
of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) drew to a close in
Curitiba recently, the men and women who nurture the world's
biodiversity struggled to make their voices heard.<br /><br />Although
the
Convention itself was supportive of traditional knowledge and so-called
benefit sharing, many government delegations did not include members of
indigenous populations. And those indigenous peoples who were able to
make it to Curitiba want to maintain an independent voice that
recognises their special position.<br /><br />"There is a proposal
to
include indigenous people as part of country delegations. But there is
a problem: in the Philippines there are 110 indigenous peoples groups
but the government would only allow one or two onto the
delegation,"
said Victorino Saway, a representative of the Panagtagbo people who
live on Mindanao Island.<br /><br />He added: "When you are part of
a
delegation, you speak their language. You will be controlled - your
language will be controlled."<br /><br />At the CBD negotiations,
the issue
was termed Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS), but the official title
masked potentially difficult aspects relating to economics, politics
and culture.<br /><br />Indigenous peoples and smallholder farmers,
through
their traditional knowledge, innovation and practices have over
centuries developed and nurtured plant species for agricultural and
medicinal use, contributing not only to 'development' but also to
cultural and biological diversity.<br /><br />But now companies are
developing medicines and crops that take advantage of these plant
genetic resources.<br /><br />Keen
to protect their financial interests - and recoup the investment made
into research and development - companies usually protect their
products with patents. This means that from time to time, a new product
comes on the market and reaps massive profits for the company.<br /><br
/>Indigenous
people and some developing countries with high levels of biodiversity
are now demanding ownership over what they claim are their genetic
resources. And they want to be part of negotiations about how these
resources are used, by whom, and on what terms.<br /><br />A central
issue
is the concept of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) - an approach supported
by the CBD. "The prior informed consent of knowledge-holders must
be
attained before their knowledge can be used by others," the CBD
says.<br /><br />Saway
agrees: "If prior informed consent is ignored, there will be no
basis
for negotiations. It provides a basis for saying yes or no to
access."<br /><br />Perhaps
the most contentious issue surrounding ABS is that of national
sovereignty. As with other international agreements signed by
governments on behalf of their peoples, national sovereignty forms the
very basis of the CBD.<br /><br />So when an indigenous group claims
knowledge of a plant, or demands to be involved in negotiations, their
government can say that the knowledge belongs to the country as a
whole, and will therefore be negotiated by the national government.<br
/><br />Sylvester
Rogers from Senegal, who works for the Community Biodiversity
Development Conservation Network, told the meeting: "We believe
that
recognition and protection of the rights of indigenous and local
communities with regard to agro-biodiversity and their traditional
knowledge is non-negotiable and integral to any strategies and efforts
towards the sustainable management and use of biodiversity."<br
/><br />Without
that recognition and protection, he said, the utilisation of
biodiversity will be nothing more than economic and commercial
transactions, reducing indigenous people and local communities to
"mere
vendors of biological resources without respect to deeply held
spiritual, cultural and socio-economic connections to the earth and
biodiversity."<br /><br />Indigenous people have a powerful backer
in
Tewolde Egziabher, an Ethiopian environmentalist and scientist who
heads the African Group at CBD negotiations. He supports an
international regime which includes PIC and certificates of origin of
knowledge.<br /><br />Such a regime, some campaigners say, would not
only
lead to fair and equitable sharing of the world's biological wealth,
but also result in fewer patent disputes, some of which have grabbed
headlines in recent years.<br /><br />One such case involved the Hoodia
plant, which pitted the San population of southern Africa - supported
by a coalition of NGOs - against western and other pharmaceutical
firms.<br /><br />The
Hoodia is a succulent plant - found in the Kalahari Desert - that can
suppress appetite, and could potentially be used as an anti-obesity
drug.<br /><br />The plant's active ingredient was patented by a South
African research institute in the late 1990s. It gave a license to a
British company, which in turn sold additional development and
marketing licenses to Pfizer, the multinational drug company, and the
food giant Unilever.<br /><br />After a protracted dispute, a deal was
struck with the South African research institute in 2003 whereby the
San people of South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia and Angola would
receive a percentage of the royalties from the sales of any future
drugs produced from their knowledge of the Hoodia plant.<br /><br />The
San
based their claims on a CBD provision, which says should get a share of
benefits resulting from the commercial use of local genetic resources
and traditional knowledge. But there are countless examples where
indigenous populations have lost out, as Ujalla Masdik, an Indian
campaigner, reminded the conference.<br /><br />She referred to a case
involving an energy-giving plant used by Kani tribal people in the
southern Indian state of Kerala. "Discovered" accidentally by
members
of an Indian scientific expedition in the early 1990s, the plant, known
by the Kani as arogyapacha, was tested by a local research institute.<br
/><br />The
institute then obtained a license from the Kerala Drug Control
Department to produce and market a tonic based on the plant. It was
named Jeevani (derived from the Sanskrit word meaning 'life').<br /><br
/>The
product was patented in 1996, following which the research institute
transferred the production license to a local drug manufacturer.
Although the Kani Trust received half the license fee and royalty, they
were not involved in the negotiations.<br /><br />"Some countries
have made
local or national laws about indigenous people, but others don't
recognise them, or say 'we are all indigenous people'," said Saway
of
the Philippines.<br /><br />Saway and his colleagues, working in the
Mount
Kitanglad region of the Philippines, have drawn up an inventory of
plants based on their traditional knowledge, which the community
"claims as our own".<br /><br />As a precaution, the inventory
has been
written in the community's language and the plants' uses have not been
explained. "We also have our cultural guards who will apprehend
anyone
taking our customary rights without our consent," he added.<br
/><br />The
biotechnology industry, the usual target of attacks by NGOs and
activists working on biodiversity issues, backs an access and benefit
sharing system that is workable and provides value for use of genetic
resources.<br /><br />Alwin Kopse, a spokesman for the biotech
corporation,
Syngenta, said he supported national regimes that were "practical
and
transparent". Certificates of origin, he said, might be easier to
obtain for products derived directly from plants, rather than those
that were indirectly derived.<br /><br />Another problem with issuing
certificates of origin, Kopse said, was that certain genetic resources
are shared across different countries or indigenous peoples. "What
we
want is a workable benefits access regime" - one that is not loaded
with technocratic stamps, which, he argued "may turn out to be
costly".<br /><br />He
accepted that the industry should now be prepared to pay for access to
genetic resources but said Syngenta prefers to offer "other
benefits"
rather than hard cash.<br /><br />If the CBD protocol on access and
benefit
sharing is to work, Kopse pointed out, it would be important to define
the nature of benefits and who should receive them - a complex set of
issues in his view.<br /><br />Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media.
(allafrica.com)