<font size="+1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA,
SANS-SERIF"><b>Alaskana: Opening doors to rural
education</b></font><br />
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA,
SANS-SERIF"><b>ANGAYUQAQ
O. KAWAGLEY During my first three grades, I went to the BIA school. The
older Native boys got into trouble. To survive and succeed, I became a
conformist to the extent I could allow.<br /><br
/>http://www.adn.com/life/alaskana/story/8255668p-8152316c.html<br
/></b></font>
<!-- Component: ADN : component/story/story_photos.comp -->
<table width="216" cellspacing="4" cellpadding="4" border="0"
align="right"><tbody><tr><td align="center">
<img width="216" vspace="4" height="168" border="1" title="Click on
image to enlarge" alt="adn.com story photo"
src="cid:537bdgj6m740@www.email.arizona.edu" /><br
/><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, Sans-serif">Angayuqaq O.
Kawagley with his mother, Amelia, in Akiak in 1935. Both of his parents
died when he was 2 years old.
<i>( Photos courtesy of Angayuqaq O. Kawagley)</i></font><br /><hr
width="80%" size="1" noshade="noshade" /><br /><img width="180"
vspace="4" height="457" border="1" title="Click on image to enlarge"
alt="adn.com story photo"
src="cid:6sgjzhr3hwu8@www.email.arizona.edu" /><br
/><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, Sans-serif">Kawagley at his
ROTC graduation, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1957.
<i>( Photos courtesy of Angayuqaq O. Kawagley)</i></font><br /><hr
width="80%" size="1" noshade="noshade" /><br /><img width="216"
vspace="4" height="208" border="1" title="Click on image to enlarge"
alt="adn.com story photo"
src="cid:h5agjqn1o4o@www.email.arizona.edu" /><br
/><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, Sans-serif">Kawagley
<i>( Photos courtesy of Angayuqaq O. Kawagley)</i></font><br /><hr
width="80%" size="1" noshade="noshade" /><br /><img width="216"
vspace="4" height="129" border="1" title="Click on image to enlarge"
alt="adn.com story photo"
src="cid:1u6g0leymogw@www.email.arizona.edu" /><br
/><font size="2" face="Arial, Helvetica, Sans-serif">Kawagley and a
cousin in Bethel, circa 1943.
<i>( Photos courtesy of Angayuqaq O. Kawagley)</i></font><br /><hr
width="80%" size="1" noshade="noshade" /><br />
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<!-- Component: ADN : component/story/story_photos.comp -->
<br /><img width="1" height="6"
src="cid:3j6ed2ez1s3k@www.email.arizona.edu" /><br />
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">Interviewed
by JUDY FERGUSON<br />
<img width="1" height="6" src="cid:3j6ed2ez1s3k@www.email.arizona.edu"
/><br />
<i>(Published: October 1, 2006)</i>
</font><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">As in Barry
Lopez's book "Arctic Dreams," "the landscape forms the
mindscape, and the mindscape forms the landscape." </font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">For
identity purposes, our Native children must interpret the modern world
with equivalent perception from within our Yupiaq world. </font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">My Yupiaq
name, Angayuqaq, "parent, leader or chief," was given to me by
my
grandmother, Kinaven. I was born Oscar Kawagley Nov. 8, 1934, in
Mamterilleq, today called Bethel. My parents were David Kawagley, a
reindeer herder from Akiak, and Amelia Oscar of Bethel. Unfortunately,
my parents died when I was only 2 years old. </font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">My mother
insisted that my grandmother (who spoke only her Yupiaq language) raise
me. In my waterproof sealskin boots, I walked with my grandmother
through the marshy muskeg, hunting for eggs. She taught me where to
find a ptarmigan nest, mallard and goose eggs. In the springtime,
camping out of a tent, using reindeer hide mattresses, we canoed and
set out muskrat traps. I learned who I was and how to look at life. I
learned about personal relationships of humans, weather, plants and
animals. When I asked her about plants I didn't know, she'd say,
"Oh,
that's just part of the plant world." I realized that we only gave
names to the plants that were medicinal and edible; all the rest we
lumped together, left in the depot of plant ecology. </font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">At 9, I
got my first .22. At 13, with a shotgun, I was able to bring home more
ducks and geese. My grandmother got me a small canvas-covered,
wood-frame canoe and ordered us a little 2.5-horsepower motor from
Sears & Roebuck. </font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">She shared
a lot of mythology. In the evenings, she told how the crane got blue
eyes, and I became a part of that story and it became a part of me.
</font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">When I was
almost 8, I had to go to school. In third grade, I went for the last
time to spring muskrat camp. I was introduced to a segregated school
system. The Bureau of Indian Affairs had a two-classroom elementary
school, grades one through eight. About 150 yards away, there was a
school for whites and breeds whose families had "a civilized
life."
During my first three grades, I went to the BIA school. The older
Native boys got into trouble. To survive and succeed, I became a
conformist to the extent I could allow. To give me some spending money,
the superintendent got me a job as a
janitor.</font></p><p> </p><h3><font size="-1" face="VERDANA,
ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">WORKING THROUGH COLLEGE</font></h3><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">On
eighth-grade graduation, all my friends went on to Chemawa or to Mt.
Edgecumbe, but my grandmother wouldn't allow it, saying she needed me.
At 17, I joined the National Guard. The superintendent asked me,
"Have
you ever thought about college?" </font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA,
SANS-SERIF">"No," I answered. How could I, with only my
grandmother? </font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">Then,
"If
you did go to college, what would you want to study?" followed by,
"Have you ever thought of teaching?" The next semester, he
said, "If
you want to go to (college), you can take the balance of your high
school classes here in the mornings, and in the afternoons, you can be
free to work at the National Guard to save up your money."
</font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">At the
University of Alaska in Fairbanks, I refused BIA grants and instead
washed dishes and translated for the 4th Judicial District.
</font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">In 1954,
with 27 other Natives, I began studying at UAF. After four years, only
four of us Natives finished. In my senior year, I had taken 40 credits,
graduated from ROTC as a 2nd lieutenant in the medical service corps,
worked and graduated with a degree in biology and a minor in military
science and tactics. I became the seventh Native teacher in the
territory and later the first Eskimo in the officer corps.
</font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">After
moving to Anchorage, I became a grant writer and then president for
ESCA-Tech Corp., a subsidiary for the Calista Corp. At the time,
Calista was building the Sheraton Anchorage Hotel and they made me
president. They were having problems with the building, an incomplete
steel skeleton, the biggest "fish rack" in the state. I hired
an East
Indian who knew the financial world. By the time we finished the
Sheraton, the elders couldn't tell me anything -- but they clipped my
wings, and boy, ever since I've been a different person, more human and
humbled. </font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">After the
Sheraton, I worked in Bethel as the director of Native education for
the Lower Kuskokwim School District and then returned to UAF to get my
education specialty degree in administration with superintendent
endorsement. </font></p><p> </p><h3><font size="-1" face="VERDANA,
ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">TEACHING THE TEACHERS</font></h3><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">One day I
got a call from University of Alaska asking me if I'd be interested in
being a field faculty member with the teacher education program. They
sent me to Barrow, where I worked with their North Slope
higher-education program, the precursor to the Ilisagvik College. I was
known to be a good teacher; however, many of my Native students were
failing. I realized, "I am teaching with the approach of 'one shoe
fits
all.' " I began to move into the specialized education sciences.
</font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">I decided
to get my Ph.D. at the University of British Columbia, where I built a
good committee including Dr. Ray Barnhardt. I addressed the background
of my students, their experience, cultures and views of the world. My
dissertation became a book, "The Yupiaq World View: A Pathway to
Ecology and Spirit." A second edition was published in
2006.</font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">I was the
first Yupiaq from my area to get a Ph.D., and today I am listed among
some of the best-known anthropologists. </font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">In 1995,
my book became the foundation for getting a National Science Foundation
five-year grant, addressing how we teach mathematics and science to
Native students. A second five-year grant followed the completion of
the first one.</font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">With $2
million per year, selecting some of the lowest-scoring school districts
in the Bush, we set up the Alaska Rural Systemic Initiative. We began
agreements with the schools, did teacher workshops and trained the
teachers they had using the work of the Native teacher and aides.
</font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">Alaska
Native Knowledge Network was created a couple of years before the end
of NSF/Department of Education funding. Our mission at ANKN is that all
curricula, materials and ideas for teaching math and science through
the indigenous approach -- and certainly, Native-language instruction
-- be collected and available. We link to other global indigenous
educational approaches as well. </font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">As
indigenous people, we must support each other's work to equip our youth
with strong identity.</font></p><p>
<font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA, SANS-SERIF">In this
fast-changing world that includes global warming, we still have a lot
of elders who know the original condition of the land. Our collective
Native knowledge may help save us in the midst of these impending
changes. </font></p><p> </p><hr /><p> </p><p
class="story_tail"><font size="-1" face="VERDANA, ARIAL, HELVETICA,
SANS-SERIF">Judy
Ferguson is a publisher and a freelance columnist for the Fairbanks
Daily News-Miner. She is the author of Alaska histories "Parallel
Destinies" and "Blue Hills" and the children's books
"Alaska's Secret
Door" and "Alaska's Little Chief." Her Web site is <a
target="_blank"
href="http://www.alaska-highway.org/delta/outpost">www.alaska-highway.org/delta/outpost</a>.</font></p>