Dying Languages<br /><br />
BY JOHN McWHORTER December 28, 2006<br />
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<br />
In the rush of the holiday season you may have missed that a white
buffalo<br />
was born at a small zoo in Pennsylvania. Only one in 10 million buffalo
is<br />
born white, and local Native Americans gave him a name in the Lenape<br
/>
language: kenahkihinen, which means "watch over us." They
found that in a<br />
book, however. No one has actually spoken Lenape for a very long time.
It<br />
was once the language of what is now known as the tristate area, but
its<br />
speakers gradually switched to English, as happened to the vast
majority<br />
of the hundreds of languages Native Americans once spoke in North
America.<br />
The death of languages is typically described in a rueful tone. There
are<br />
a number of books treating the death of languages as a crisis equal
to<br />
endangered species and global warming. However, I'm not sure it's the<br
/>
crisis we are taught that it is.<br />
<br />
There is a part of me, as a linguist, that does see something sad in
the<br />
death of so many languages. It is happening faster than ever: It has
been<br />
said that a hundred years from now 90% of the current 6,000 languages
will<br />
be gone. Each extinction means that a fascinating way of putting
words<br />
together is no longer alive. In, for example, Inuktitut Eskimo, which,
by<br />
the way, is not dying, "I should try not to become an
alcoholic" is one<br />
word: Iminngernaveersaartunngortussaavunga. Yet the extinctions cannot
be<br />
stopped, for the most part. Trying to teach people to speak their<br />
ancestral languages, for example, will almost never get far beyond
the<br />
starting gate. Some years ago, I spent some weeks teaching Native<br />
Americans their ancestral language. To the extent that the exercise
helped<br />
give them a feeling of connection to their ancestors, it was time
well<br />
spent.<br />
<br />
However, it was clear that there was no way that they would learn
more<br />
than some words and expressions. Languages are hard to learn for
adults,<br />
especially ones as different from English as Native American ones. In<br
/>
Pomo, the verb goes at the end of the sentence. There are sounds it's
hard<br />
to make when you're not born to them. For busy people with jobs and<br
/>
families, how far were they ever going to be able to get mastering a<br
/>
language whose word for eye is uyqh abe? Yes, there was Hebrew. But
that<br />
was because of an unusual combination: religion, a new nation, and
the<br />
superhuman dedication of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, who settled in Palestine
and<br />
insisted on speaking only Hebrew to all Jews, including his infant
son.<br />
But this extended to reducing his wife to tears when he caught her
singing<br />
a lullaby to the child in her native Russian. Clearly Ben-Yehuda's was
one<br />
of those once-in-a-lifetime personalities. Yet the conventional wisdom
is<br />
that we must strive to have as many future Hebrews as possible, since<br
/>
supposedly one's language determines one's cultural outlook. But a
simple<br />
question shows how implausible that notion is. To wit, precisely what<br
/>
"cultural outlook" does English lend its speakers?<br />
<br />
Thinking about the broad heterogeneity of people using this language,
it<br />
is obvious that the answer is none, and the academic literature on
the<br />
topic yields little but queer little shards of faint support for the<br
/>
"language is culture" idea. Which brings us back to languages
as, simply,<br />
languages. The language revivalists yearn for surprise diversity.
What<br />
they miss is that language death is a healthy outcome of diversity.
If<br />
people truly come together, then they speak a common language. We can
muse<br />
upon a "salad bowl" ideal in which people go home and use
their nice<br />
"diverse" language with "their own." But in reality,
almost always the<br />
survival of that "diverse" language means that the people are
segregated<br />
in some way, which in turn is almost always due to an unequal power<br
/>
relationship i.e., precisely what "diversity" fans otherwise
consider such<br />
a scourge.<br />
<br />
Jews in shtetls, for example, spoke Yiddish at home and Russian
elsewhere<br />
because they lived under an apartheid system, not because they
delighted<br />
in being bilingual. The Amish still speak German only because they live
in<br />
isolation from modern life, which few of us would consider an ideal
for<br />
indigenous groups to strive for. In the end, the proliferation of<br />
languages is an accident: a single original language morphed into
6,000<br />
when different groups of people emerged. I hope that dying languages
can<br />
be recorded and described. I hope that many persist as hobbies, taught
in<br />
schools and given space in the press, as Irish, Welsh, and Hawaiian
have.<br />
However, the prospect we are taught to dread that one day all the
world's<br />
people will speak one language is one I would welcome. Surely easier<br
/>
communication, while no cure-all, would be a good thing worldwide.
There's<br />
a reason the Tower of Babel story is one of havoc rather than
creation.<br />
<br />
For those still uncomfortable given that this single language would be
big<br />
bad English, then notice how that discomfort eases when you imagine
the<br />
language being, say, Lenape.<br />
<br />
Mr. McWhorter is a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute.<br />
<br />
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