<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">No one can deny that pre-colonial and
colonial contact between different languages and cultures was and still
is, in many cases, disastrous. I think the evidence is there, however,
that this isn't only the result of Christian ideology/theology but rather
a more generalized phenomenon related to ethnocentrism and power-based
domination. While one contributor to this list categorized that in
terms of "conservatism", I think it is equally a danger for those
with less than conservative ideologies as well. The intolerance of intolerance
is just as powerfully dominating as the intolerance of anything else. Whether
the "other" less-powerful group is categorized in theological
terms (sinful) or socioeconomic terms (primitive, undeveloped, backwards,
etc.) the same dynamics of power and domination are at work.</font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">I think the categorization of missionaries
presented here, while in many details accurate, represents an earlier age
of Christian mission, and is analogous in some ways to categorizing all
modern Englishmen as slave traders because of the history of English slave
trading. At some point, we have to learn from that history and move on.
Even so, the missionary arrival in Hawaii is not entirely typical of all
missionizing activity and responses to local peoples and their ways. The
history of the British presence in India, for example, is characterized
by missionaries standing against the exploitive and racist agendas of the
British trading companies in defense of the local peoples, languages, and
cultures. More language description and literature development was carried
out at the hands of missionaries there than by any secular/commercial agencies
of the time, and a great deal of the diversity of South Asia was preserved
as a consequence. </font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">Most (certainly not all) modern-day
missionaries have learned from the past and are making strenuous efforts
to be more sensitive to issues of language and culture. There's been a
lot of theologizing about diversity going on in the Christian community
and even many so-called "fundamentalists" now recognize as biblical
an appreciation and celebration of diversity of languages and cultures.
The data just shared regarding how the last bastions of language use in
many threatened communities are among the Christians of those communities
bears witness to the high regard given to all languages and cultures within
Christian theologizing (if not always in practice - Christian theology
also points out that "sinfulness" is not solely a property of
the powerless or the powerful but of us all). </font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">One significant issue raised in this
discussion that merits much longer discussion is how minoritized language
communities negotiate the maintenance of their traditional heritage (identity,
language, culture, knowledge) and the integration of outside identities,
languages, cultures, and knowledges. Paralleling in many ways the
issues of bilingual/multilingual/intercultural education, such a discussion
would consider how a heritage identity (and its associated language, cultural
traits, and knowledge-bases) can be retained and honored while at the same
time outside identity and its accompanying knowledge can be incorporated
and integrated. Does a modern day Native American have to give up
the heritage language in order to learn (and be educated in) a national
language? Similarly, then, how can outside ideas be acquired without necessarily
discarding heritage perspectives? Can those differing perspectives be integrated?
Will they be hybridized (combined in some way)? Will they simply
co-exist side-by-side in some sort of tension? Can traditional healing
measures be practiced alongside vaccinations and antibiotic therapies?
Integrated into those therapies? Be replaced by those therapies?</font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">I'd suggest that a careful examination
of some of those Native American Christian communities might provide some
insights on this topic both through the sad examples of heritage abandonment/replacement
and, more helpfully, through examples of integration, hybridization, and
addition.</font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">With regards,</font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">Paul Lewis</font>
<br>
<br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">*****************<br>
M. Paul Lewis, PhD.<br>
Editor, Ethnologue / International Sociolinguistics Consultant<br>
SIL International<br>
7500 W. Camp Wisdom Rd.<br>
Dallas, TX 75236<br>
<br>
Voice: (972) 708-7521<br>
Fax: (972) 708-7589<br>
Cell: (817) 703-8361</font>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<table width=100%>
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<td width=40%><font size=1 face="sans-serif"><b>rrlapier@AOL.COM</b> </font>
<br><font size=1 face="sans-serif">Sent by: Indigenous Languages and Technology
<ILAT@LISTSERV.ARIZONA.EDU></font>
<p><font size=1 face="sans-serif">02/21/2008 09:37 AM</font>
<table border>
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<div align=center><font size=1 face="sans-serif">Please respond to<br>
Indigenous Languages and Technology <ILAT@LISTSERV.ARIZONA.EDU></font></div></table>
<br>
<td width=59%>
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<td>
<div align=right><font size=1 face="sans-serif">To</font></div>
<td><font size=1 face="sans-serif">ILAT@LISTSERV.ARIZONA.EDU</font>
<tr valign=top>
<td>
<div align=right><font size=1 face="sans-serif">cc</font></div>
<td>
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<td>
<div align=right><font size=1 face="sans-serif">Subject</font></div>
<td><font size=1 face="sans-serif">Re: [ILAT] traditions of assimilation...</font></table>
<br>
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<td>
<td></table>
<br></table>
<br>
<br>
<br><font size=3>I do not have time to discuss this in full right now.
But it has been our experience (at Piegan Institute) that within our community
the last stronghold of first language speakers is among the fundamentalist
Christians (holy rollers) and Catholic communities. Why? I could provide
a long historical answer. But I won't right now.</font>
<br><font size=3> </font>
<br><font size=3>However, individuals from these communities have been
the most helpful in revitalizing the Blackfeet language, working with our
children, recording old stories, translating for us, etc.</font>
<br><font size=3> </font>
<br><font size=3>So the opposite is true in our community. It is within
the devout Christian sects that the Blackfeet language continues and does
not have an assimilationist agenda. <br>
<br>
Each Indian community has its own unique history. </font>
<br><font size=3> </font>
<br><font size=3>Rosalyn LaPier</font>
<br><font size=3><br>
<br>
-----Original Message-----<br>
From: Richard Smith <rzs@WILDBLUE.NET><br>
To: ILAT@LISTSERV.ARIZONA.EDU<br>
Sent: Thu, 21 Feb 2008 9:41 am<br>
Subject: Re: [ILAT] traditions of assimilation...<br>
</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Verdana">Hi David,<br>
<br>
I think you raise an important topic towards revitalization.<br>
Unfortunately people are easily made defensive about their own beliefs<br>
This makes it difficult to discuss errors and offer possible solutions.
<br>
I personally don't know one Native American who "hates" Christ.<br>
But its the multitude forms of _ianity we have had so much difficulty
with.<br>
<br>
One I have found so damaging are forms of "Replacement Theology"<br>
Which is basicly an attempt to reshape people by presenting<br>
as "The Truth" a different foreign paradigm , from creation to
afterlife.<br>
We cannot automaticly doubt the sincerity of such proselytizers<br>
because often they themselves are "the converted" and go to extraordinary<br>
lengths and sacrifice to bring what they have been taught is "the
gospel"<br>
<br>
I confess i didn't read the entire book.But i glimpsed through an account
of<br>
early Christian missionaries first encountering Hawaiians and I learned
something. <br>
These European Christians had just sailed completely around S. America,
were<br>
suffering from scurvy, and food poisoning,and basicly were dying of malnutrition.<br>
When they finally encountered the people of the island joyfully welcoming<br>
them from their dugouts and on the beaches,the missionaries burst into
tears<br>
from the deck of the ship. Why were they weeping?<br>
Because the islanders were "naked" and unaware their "sinful"
condition.<br>
<br>
We may be tempted to snicker today, but this isn't the point at all.<br>
I think we should recognize this as what happens when two <br>
extremely different paradigms collide.Problems happen when one group <br>
comes with a belief that it must completely CHANGE the other group.<br>
New creation stories, new values, new parables, new ideologies. <br>
Islanders must now be taught about sheep,and of course ,camels,<br>
or they will never understand the Good Shepherd or understand<br>
how hard it is to put a camel through the Eye of the Needle.<br>
<br>
When a societies paradigms expand, its simply healthy education. <br>
Language expands and new ideas are added to what already exists.<br>
I don't know of any indigenous people wishing to return to a stone age.<br>
But when paradigms replace other paradigms,as in culture and theologies<br>
Language itself begins to change from the inside out.<br>
<br>
just some thoughts to toss out there....<br>
Richard Zane Smith<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
On 2/16/08 2:03 PM, "David Lewis" <</font><a href=mailto:David.Lewis@GRANDRONDE.ORG><font size=2 color=blue face="Verdana"><u>David.Lewis@GRANDRONDE.ORG</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Verdana">>
wrote:<br>
</font>
<br><font size=2 face="Verdana">I for one appreciate more dialogue about
how Christians and other sects have contributed to the assimilation of
Native peoples, which in turn has contributed to the extinction or near-extinction
of many native languages. I too will use this in my classes.<br>
<br>
David G. Lewis<br>
Manager, Cultural Resources Department<br>
Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
-----Original Message-----<br>
From: Indigenous Languages and Technology on behalf of Mark Sicoli<br>
Sent: Sat 2/16/2008 12:49 PM<br>
To: </font><a href=mailto:ILAT@LISTSERV.ARIZONA.EDU><font size=2 color=blue face="Verdana"><u>ILAT@LISTSERV.ARIZONA.EDU</u></font></a><font size=2 face="Verdana"><br>
Subject: Re: [ILAT] traditions of assimilation...<br>
<br>
Thank you Phil, well said. The nationalist myth is based on a pervasive<br>
ideology where a single language is taken (or given) as the symbol of a<br>
singular identity. The one language=one nation association goes back
to<br>
nation-state building in Europe and the practices of linguistic<br>
unifications, like in Spain, France, and Italy, and other such places<br>
where vernacular languages were ideologically "erased" in the
formation of<br>
national unities. These served as models for nation building in the<br>
Americas and the ideology is real prominent in Mexico where I work, and<br>
where language shifts from indigenous languages to Spanish are currently<br>
occurring at unprecedented rates. The same basic ideology is at work<br>
equating one language with one individual, which serves to work against<br>
bilingualism and bilingual education, thus facilitating language<br>
abandonment rather than bilingual maintenance. For these reasons
I agree<br>
that this is a worthwhile discussion for this list.<br>
<br>
Mark<br>
<br>
<br>
On Sat, February 16, 2008 9:02 pm, phil cash cash said:<br>
> For the language advocates (LA) it might be worthwhile to point out
these<br>
> "assimilationist" agendas are all founded on a nationalist
myth. In<br>
> today's<br>
> contemporary context, this nationalist myth states that our societies
are<br>
> or<br>
> can become linguistically, culturally homogenous. When in reality,
this<br>
> may<br>
> be impossible.Â<br>
> And as Richard points out so well, the nationalist myth (in what ever<br>
> manifestation it may take) supports other agendas as well.Â<br>
> Phil<br>
> UofA<br>
><br>
><br>
<br>
<br>
--<br>
Mark Sicoli Ph.D.<br>
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics<br>
Postbus 310<br>
6500 AH Nijmegen<br>
The Netherlands<br>
<br>
</font>
<br>
<br>
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