<html><head></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">My final (I hope) contribution to this topic ;-)<div><br></div><div>We should also conciser the Nyquist-Shannon theorem, which states:</div><div><br></div><div><meta charset="utf-8" id="webkit-interchange-charset"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; ">If a function <i>x</i>(<i>t</i>) contains no frequencies higher than <i>B</i> <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hertz</a>, it is completely determined by giving its ordinates at a series of points spaced 1/(2<i>B</i>) seconds apart.</span></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br></span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">Essentially, you should sample at twice the rate of the highest frequency you will find in your recording. As Bill mentioned, if the highest frequency that human ears can hear is @ 10k, and we divide 22k by 2, 11k is the upper limit. Beyond that you get some aliasing. For human ears, probably not a problem. How about for as-yet unwritten computer software for transcription that can analyze such data, or better noise reduction algorithms that we have today? I dunno. I would still prefer to be safe and keep a copy at the higher rate. The 96k/24 bit standard Nick cites may be overkill, but somewhere down the road our grandchildren may be grateful that it was done for reasons we don't yet comprehend.</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br></span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;">KD</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br></span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br></span></font></div><div><div><div>On 2010 Pep. 12, at 10:58, Nick Thieberger wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><div>An issue that hasn't yet been discussed in relation to digitising old<br>tapes is that it should only be done once. This may sound strange, but<br>I know of several projects where a 'trial' digitisation occurs, at low<br>resolution. These files then become the basis for timecoded<br>transcripts and then, later, the project decided they needed archival<br>versions of the media and redigitised to international archival<br>standards (96khz/24 bit. Yes, I know ths is overkill but it is the<br>standard). Of course, the timecoded transcripts no longer match the<br>newer, higher resoluion versions.<br><br>Another motivation for doing it right the first time is that the tapes<br>themselves may not survive more than one playback (although this is<br>rarely the case).<br><br>Nick<br><br>Project Manager<br>Pacific and Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered<br>Cultures (PARADISEC)<br><a href="http://paradisec.org.au">http://paradisec.org.au</a><br><br>On 13 February 2010 04:27, Rudy Troike <rtroike@email.arizona.edu> wrote:<br><blockquote type="cite">Howdy,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"> Thanks to everyone for the valuable suggestions and discussions re<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">converting these cassette tapes to CDs. I really appreciate all the input.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">FYI, the tapes in question were made in the late 1960s, as part of the<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">East Texas Dialect Project, recording schoolchildren in East Texas schools<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">scheduled for integration, to prepare materials for teacher training in<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">advance of the integration. They are historically valuable, and I hope<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">someday to be able to interview some of those who were recorded to find if<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite">there have been any changes in their speech during their lifetimes.<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"> Many thanks again,<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"> Rudy<br></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><br></blockquote></div></blockquote></div><br><div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: auto; -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: none; text-indent: 0px; -apple-text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; orphans: 2; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: auto; -khtml-text-decorations-in-effect: none; text-indent: 0px; -apple-text-size-adjust: auto; text-transform: none; orphans: 2; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; "><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Lucida Grande; min-height: 17px; ; font-family: Lucida Grande; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;; font-family: Courier; "><br style="font-family: Courier; "></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">========================================================================</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">Keola Donaghy</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">Assistant Professor of Hawaiian Studies</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">Ka Haka 'Ula O Ke'elikolani </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><a href="mailto:keola@leoki.uhh.hawaii.edu">keola@leoki.uhh.hawaii.edu</a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">University of Hawai'i at Hilo </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><a href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~donaghy/">http://www2.hawaii.edu/~donaghy/</a></span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Lucida Grande; min-height: 17px; ; font-family: Lucida Grande; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;; font-family: Courier; "><br style="font-family: Courier; "></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">"Tír gan teanga, tír gan anam."</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">(Irish Gaelic saying)</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">A country without its language is a country without its soul.</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Courier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Courier; ">========================================================================</span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br class="khtml-block-placeholder"></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></span></span>
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